Cowardice
Cowardice is a trait wherein fear and excess self-concern override doing or saying what is right, good and of help to others or oneself in a time of need—it is the opposite of courage. As a label, "cowardice" indicates a failure of character in the face of a challenge.[1]
Many military codes of justice proscribe cowardice in combat as a crime punishable by death (note the phrase "shot at dawn").
As a retraction of a virtue that many cultures may expect or have expected, cowardice rates as a character flaw which society or its representatives may variously stigmatize or punish.
Etymology
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word coward came into English from the Old French word coart (modern French couard), a combination of the word for "tail" (Modern French queue, Latin cauda) and an agent noun suffix. It would therefore have meant "one with a tail" — perhaps from the habit of animals displaying their tails in flight ("turning tail"), or from a dog's habit of putting its tail between its legs when it is afraid or cowed. Like many other English words of French origin, this word was introduced in the English language by the French-speaking Normans, after the Norman conquest of England in 1066.[2]
The English surname Coward (as in Noël Coward), however, has the same origin and meaning as the word "cowherd".
Military law
Acts of cowardice have long been punishable by military law, which defines a wide range of cowardly offenses including desertion in face of the enemy and surrendering to the enemy against orders. The punishment for such acts is typically severe, ranging from corporal punishment to the death sentence. Cowardly conduct is specifically mentioned within the United States Uniform Code of Military Justice.
See also
References
- ↑ Dictionary.com: "[the] lack of courage to face danger, difficulty, opposition, pain, etc." http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cowardice
- ↑ http://faculty.uml.edu/jgarreau/FromFrenchtoEnglish.htm
