Cosmic Consciousness
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The title page | |
| Author | Richard Maurice Bucke |
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| Language | English |
| Published | 1901 |
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Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind is a 1901 book by Richard Maurice Bucke, a Canadian psychiatrist. In this book, he explored the concept of Cosmic Consciousness, which he defined as "a higher form of consciousness than that possessed by the ordinary man."
Forms of consciousness
In Cosmic Consciousness, Bucke stated that he discerned three forms, or degrees, of consciousness:[1]
- Simple consciousness, possessed by both animals and mankind
- Self-consciousness, possessed by mankind, encompassing thought, reason, and imagination
- Cosmic consciousness, which is "a higher form of consciousness than that possessed by the ordinary man" [2]
According to Bucke,
This consciousness shows the cosmos to consist not of dead matter governed by unconscious, rigid, and unintending law; it shows it on the contrary as entirely immaterial, entirely spiritual and entirely alive; it shows that death is an absurdity, that everyone and everything has eternal life; it shows that the universe is God and that God is the universe, and that no evil ever did or ever will enter into it; a great deal of this is, of course, from the point of view of self consciousness, absurd; it is nevertheless undoubtedly true.[3]
Moores said that Bucke's cosmic consciousness is an interconnected way of seeing things "which is more of an intuitive knowing than it is a factual understanding."[4] Moores pointed out that, for scholars of the purist camp, the experience of cosmic consciousness is incomplete without the element of love, "which is the foundation of mystical consciousness":[5]
Mysticism, then, is the perception of the universe and all of its seemingly disparate entities existing in a unified whole bound together by love.[6]
Juan A. Herrero Brasas said that Bucke's cosmic consciousness refers to the evolution of the intellect, and not to "the ineffable revelation of hidden truths."[7] According to Brasas, it was William James who equated Bucke's cosmic consciousness with mystical experience or mystical consciousness.[7]
Bucke identified only male examples of cosmic consciousness. He believed that women were not likely to have it.[8] (However, there are some women amongst the 'additional cases' listed in the second half of the book.)
He regarded Walt Whitman as "the climax of religious evolution and the harbinger of humanity's future."[9]
Similar concepts
William James
According to Michael Robertson, Cosmic Consciousness and William James's book The Varieties of Religious Experience have much in common:[10]
Both Bucke and James argue that all religions, no matter how seemingly different, have a common core; both believe that it is possible to identify this core by stripping away institutional accretions of dogma and ritual and focusing on individual experience; and both identify mystical illumination as the foundation of all religious experience.[10]
James popularized the concept of religious experience,[note 1] which he explored in The Varieties of Religious Experience.[12][13] He saw mysticism as a distinctive experience which supplies knowledge of the transcendental.[14] He considered the "personal religion"[15] to be "more fundamental than either theology or ecclesiasticism",[15] and states:
In mystic states we both become one with the Absolute and we become aware of our oneness. This is the everlasting and triumphant mystical tradition, hardly altered by differences of clime or creed. In Hinduism, in Neoplatonism, in Sufism, in Christian mysticism, in Whitmanism, we find the same recurring note, so that there is about mystical utterances an eternal unanimity which ought to make a critic stop and think, and which bring it about that the mystical classics have, as been said, neither birthday not native land.[16]
Regarding cosmic consciousness, William James, in his essay The Confidences of a "Psychical Researcher," wrote:
What again, are the relations between the cosmic consciousness and matter? ... So that our ordinary human experience, on its material as well as on its mental side, would appear to be only an extract from the larger psycho-physical world?[17]
Collective consciousness
James understood "cosmic consciousness" to be a collective consciousness, a "larger reservoir of consciousness,"[18] which manifests itself in the minds of men and remains intact after the dissolution of the individual. It may "retain traces of the life history of its individual emanation."[18]
Friedrich Schleiermacher
A classification similar to that proposed by Bucke was used by the influential theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), viz.:[19]
- Animal, brutish self-awareness
- Sensual consciousness
- Higher self-consciousness
In Schleiermacher's theology, higher consciousness "is the part of the human being that is capable of transcending animal instincts."[20] It is the "point of contact with God" and the essence of being human.[20]
When higher consciousness is present, people are not alienated from God by their instincts.[20] The relation between higher and lower consciousness is akin to St. Paul's "struggle of the spirit to overcome the flesh."[20] Higher consciousness establishes a distinction between the natural and the spiritual sides of human beings.[21]
The concept of religious experience was used by Schleiermacher and by Albert Ritschl to defend religion against scientific and secular criticism and to defend the belief that moral and religious experiences justify religious beliefs.[13]
Wayne Proudfoot (1939 – ), a 20th-century theologian, traced the roots of the notion of religious experience to Schleiermacher, who had argued that religion is based on a feeling of the infinite.
Other writers
Cosmic consciousness bears similarity to Hegel's Geist:[22][23]
All this seems to force upon us an interpretation of Hegel that would understand his term "min"' as some kind of cosmic consciousness; not, of course, a traditional conception of God as a being separate from the universe, but rather as something more akin to those eastern philosophies that insist that All is One.[23]
Teilhard de Chardin's concept of the noösphere also bears similarity to Bucke's ideas.
According to Paul Marshall, a philosopher of religion, cosmic consciousnes bears resemblances to some traditional pantheist beliefs.[24]
According to Ervin László, cosmic consciousness corresponds to Jean Gebser's integral consciousness and to Don Edward Beck and Christopher Cowan's turquoise state of cosmic spirituality.[25]
Influence
Some modern psychologists and theologians have made reference to Bucke’s work. They include Erich Fromm, Robert S. de Ropp, and Abraham Maslow.
Others who have used the concept of cosmic consciousness, as introduced by Bucke in 1901, include Albert Einstein, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, and Alan Watts.
Many of those who have used psychedelic drugs, such as LSD[26] and psilocybin, have said that they have experienced cosmic consciousness.
See also
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Concepts
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Models
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Persons
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Movements |
Related topics |
References
- ↑ Bucke 2009, p. 1-3.
- ↑ Bucke 2009, p. 1.
- ↑ Bucke 2009, p. 17–18.
- ↑ Moores 2006, p. 33.
- ↑ Moores 2005, p. 33.
- ↑ Moores 2005, p. 34.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Brasas 2010, p. 53.
- ↑ Robertson 2010, p. 134.
- ↑ Robertson 2010, p. 135.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Robertson 2010, p. 133.
- ↑ Samy 1998, p. 80.
- ↑ Hori 1999, p. 47.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Sharf 2000.
- ↑ Harmless 2007, pp. 10–17.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 James 1982 (1902), p. 30.
- ↑ Harmless 2007, p. 14.
- ↑ James 1987-b, p. 1264.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Bridgers 2005, p. 27.
- ↑ Johnson 1964, p. 68.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Bunge 2001, p. 341.
- ↑ Merklinger 1993, p. 67.
- ↑ Wentzel Van Huyssteen 2003, p. 569.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Singer 2001.
- ↑ Marshall, Paul (2005). Mystical Encounters with the Natural World: Experiences and Explanations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780199279432.
- ↑ Laszlo, Ervin (2008). Quantum Shift in the Global Brain: How the New Scientific Reality Can Change Us and Our World. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. p. 123. ISBN 9781594772337.
- ↑ Lambert Dolphin, The Psychedelic Drug Experience And The Unconscious Mind
Notes
Bibliography
- Ayre, Don (2011), Meditation and the Evolution of Cosmic Consciousness, Xlibris Publishers
- Brasas, Juan A. Hererro (2010), Walt Whitman's Mystical Ethics of Comradeship: Homosexuality and the Marginality of Friendship at the Crossroads of Modernity (Google eBoek), SUNY Press
- Bridgers, Lynn (2005), Contemporary Varieties of Religious Experience: James's Classic Study in Light of Resiliency, Temperament, and Trauma, Rowman & Littlefield
- Bucke, Richard Maurice (2000). Cosmic Consciousness:A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Carlisle, Massachusetts: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-55709-499-5.
- Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-47190-7.
- Bunge, Marcia JoAnn, ed. (2001), The Child in Christian Thought, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
- Harmless, William (2007), Mystics, Oxford University Press
- Hori, Victor Sogen (1994), Teaching and Learning in the Zen Rinzai Monastery. In: Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol.20, No. 1, (Winter, 1994), 5-35
- James, William (1982) [1902], The Varieties of Religious Experience, Penguin classics
- James, William (1987-a), The Varieties of Religious Experience, Library of America, pp. 1–477, ISBN 978-0-940450-38-7 Check date values in:
|date=(help) - James, William (1987-b), William James: Writings 1902 – 1910, New York: The Library of America, ISBN 978-0-940450-38-7 Check date values in:
|date=(help) - Johnson, William Alexander (1964), On Religion: A study of the theological method in Schleiermacher and Nygren, Brill Archive
- Krishna, G. (2004), What is Cosmic Consciousness?, Bethel Publishers
- Laszlo, Ervin (2008), Quantum Shift in the Global Brain: How the New Scientific Reality Can Change Us and Our World, Inner Traditions / Bear & Co
- Marshall, Marshall (2005), Mystical Encounters with the Natural World, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-927943-2
- Merklinger, Philip M. (1993), Philosophy, Theology, and Hegel's Berlin Philosophy of Religion, 1821-1827, SUNY Press
- Moores, D.J. (2006), Mystical Discourse in Wordsworth and Whitman: A Transatlantic Bridge, Peeters Publishers
- Ouspensky, P. D. (1968), Tertium Organum, Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-1-4382-3796-1
- Robertson, Michael (2010), Worshipping Walt: The Whitman Disciples, Princeton University Press
- Samy, AMA (1998), Waarom kwam Bodhidharma naar het Westen? De ontmoeting van Zen met het Westen, Asoka: Asoka
- Semple, J. J. (2008), The Backward-Flowing Method, Life Force Books, ISBN 978-0-9795331-2-9
- Sharf, Robert H. (2000), The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion. In: Journal of Consciousness Studies, 7, No. 11-12, 2000, pp. 267-87
- Singer, Peter (2001), Hegel: A Very Short Introduction (Google eBoek), Oxford University Press
- Walker, Benjamin (1974), Beyond the Body, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7100-7808-7
- Wentzel Van Huyssteen (2003), Encyclopedia of science and religion, Volume 2, Macmillan Reference USA
External links
- Richard M. Bucke, Cosmic Consciousness
- Paglia, Camille. (Winter 2003). Cults and Cosmic Consciousness: Religious Vision in the American 1960s. Arion. 10 (3), 57-111.
