Corrective labor colony

A corrective labor colony (Russian: Исправительно-трудовая колония, ИТК, ispravitelno-trudovaya koloniya, ITK) is the most common type of prison in Russia and some post-Soviet states which combines penal detention with forced labor.^[1][2] The system of colonies was introduced as a post-Stalin replacement of the Gulag labor camp system.

Soviet Union

In the late Soviet Union the labor colonies were governed by Article 11 of the Corrective Labor Law and were intended for adult (16 years and over) convicts. The colonies were classified according to the regimen of severity: colonies of ordinary, reinforced, strict, and special regimens (колонии общего, усиленного, строгого, особого режимов), as well as the "colony-settlements" (колонии-поселения). Only ordinary and strict regimens (and colony-settlements) were provided for female convicts.^[1][2]

"Colony-settlements" were establishments introduced in 1960s for convicts with good behavior who served at least half of the term for those eligible for the parole and who served two thirds of the term and not eligible for parole. The inmates are without guard, but under observation and may move relatively freely. They may also have family.^[3]

Russian Federation

Of the four types of facilities of prisons in Russia, the corrective colony (ispravitelnie kolonii or IK) is the most common, with 760 institutions in 2004 across the many administrative divisions of Russia.^[4]

Corrective colony regimes are categorized as very strict / special, strict, general, and open.^[4] The detachment (отря́д or otryad) is the basic unit of the prison.^[5] When not in the detachment, prisoners are required to participate in penal labour, which is in the form of work brigades in colony production zones where prisoners earn a wage, of which most is paid to the colony for their upkeep.^[5]

The detachment is largely self-organized, with the prison administration designating the "head monitor" with the job of keeping order and to liaise with the prison administration, and is supported by various prisoners' committees responsible for health and safety, cleanliness, energy saving, and also psychological counselling.^[5] Female detachments organize cultural and social activities such as beauty pageants, variously called by such names as "Miss Colony", "Miss Spring", and "Miss Personality".^[5]

Criticisms

Isolation is common, and family breakdowns and loss of contact with children is frequent among female prisoners.^[5] A majority of women convicted in Moscow courts are taken to correctional colonies located between 200 kilometres (120 mi) and 500 kilometres (310 mi) from Moscow, and the long journey to the penal colonies is simply too expensive or too difficult for visitors.^[5] Nearly 3/4 of prisoners receive no family visits at all.^[5] The FSIN has suggested that prisoners talk with their loved ones using Skype.^[5]

Notes

References