Cornish revival

The Cornish revival (Cornish: Dasserghyans Kernowek) is an ongoing process to revive the use of the Cornish language in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The revival movement started in the late 19th century as a result of antiquarian and academic interest in the language, which was in massive decline, and also as a result of the Celtic revival. In 2009, UNESCO changed its classification of Cornish from 'extinct' to 'critically endangered', seen as a milestone for the revival of the language.

Revival

Commemorative plaque on Henry Jenner's home with bilingual inscription

During the 19th century the Cornish language was the subject of antiquarian interest and a number of lectures were given on the subject and pamphlets on it were published. In 1904, the Celtic language scholar and Cornish cultural activist Henry Jenner published A Handbook of the Cornish Language. The publication of this book is often considered to be the start of the current revival movement. The spelling in this book was based on that used when Cornish was last a community language in the 18th century.

Unified Cornish

Main article: Unified Cornish

The first project to codify Cornish spelling and provide a regular orthography for the revived language was that of Robert Morton Nance who outlined his work in "Cornish For All" in 1929. Unlike the Late Cornish-based work of Jenner, Nance's orthography, called Unified Cornish was based mainly on the Middle Cornish of the 14th and 15th centuries. Nance believed that this period represented a high point for Cornish literature.

As well as presenting a standardised spelling system, Nance also extended the attested vocabulary with forms based largely on Breton and Welsh, and published a dictionary of Unified Cornish in 1938. Nance's purist approach favoured older ‘Celtic’ forms rather than the historically more recent forms deriving from Middle and Early Modern English.

Nance's work became the basis of revived Cornish and his orthography was the only one in use for most of the 20th century. However, as the focus shifted from written to spoken Cornish, Nance's stiff, archaic formulation of the language seemed less suitable for a spoken revival. Also, Nance's phonology lacked some distinctions which later research showed must have existed in traditional Cornish. Unified Cornish is still in use by some speakers who, whilst acknowledging its shortcomings, feel it has served well for the first decades of the revival.

Kernewek Kemmyn

Main article: Kernewek Kemmyn

In 1986, in response to dissatisfaction with Unified Cornish, Ken George undertook a study of the sounds of Cornish and devised a new orthography, Kernewek Kemmyn or 'Common Cornish', based on his research. Like Unified Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn retained a Middle Cornish base but implemented an orthography that aspired to be as phonemic as possible. George argued that this much closer relationship between sounds and writing would make Cornish much easier to teach and learn. In 1987, after one year of discussion, the Cornish Language Board agreed to adopt it. Its adoption by the Cornish Language Board caused a division in the Cornish language community, especially since people had been using Nance's old system for many years and were unfamiliar with the new one.[1] While it was adopted by a majority of Cornish speakers (various estimates put it at around 55-80%), it came under fierce criticism by academic linguists for its phonological base, as well as those who found its novel orthography too different from traditional Cornish spelling conventions.

Unified Cornish Revised

In 1995, Kernewek Kemmyn was itself challenged by Nicholas Williams who in his book 'Cornish Today' listed 26 major flaws in Kernewek Kemmyn. As an alternative, Williams devised and proposed a revision of Unified Cornish, called Unified Cornish Revised (or UCR). UCR built on Unified Cornish, making the spellings regular while keeping as close as possible to the orthographic practices of the medieval scribes. In common with Kernewek Kemmyn, UCR made use of Tudor and Late Cornish prose materials unavailable to Nance.[2] A comprehensive English-Cornish dictionary of Unified Cornish Revised was published in 2000 which sold enough copies to merit a second edition. A response to the criticisms in "Cornish Today" appeared soon after in "Kernewek Kemmyn – Cornish for the Twenty First Century" by Ken George and Paul Dunbar. A counter-reply to the latter appeared in 2007.[1]

Modern Cornish

Main article: Modern Cornish

In the early 1980s, Richard Gendall, who had worked with Nance, published a new system based on the works of the later Cornish writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, just prior to the language's demise. This variety, called Modern Cornish, also known as Late Cornish, uses later, somewhat simpler grammatical constructions and a vocabulary and spelling that was more influenced by English. The orthography has undergone a number of changes. The main body promoting Modern Cornish is Cussel an Tavas Kernuak.

Cornish Language Partnership

In practice these different written forms did not prevent Cornish speakers from communicating with each other effectively. However, the existence of multiple orthographies was unsustainable with regards to using the language in education and public life, as no single orthography had ever achieved a wide consensus. Following the recognition in 2002 of Cornish under Part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, and the subsequent establishment of the Cornish Language Partnership, the need for consensus became more urgent. In response to this, the Partnership initiated a process to agree on a standard form for use in education and public life.

In 2007 an independent Cornish Language Commission consisting of sociolinguists and linguists from outside of Cornwall was formed to review the four existing forms (Unified, UCR, Late Cornish and Kemmyn) and consider whether any of these existing orthographies might be suitable for adoption as a standard form of Cornish, or whether a new fifth form should be adopted. Two groups made proposals of compromise orthographies:

The SWF process eventually decided that the existing orthographies were too contentious to be considered and that a new compromise orthography that all groups could support was needed.

Standard Written Form

Main article: Standard Written Form

On 9 May 2008, the Cornish Language Partnership met with the specification for the Standard Written Form as the main item on the agenda. All four Cornish language groups, Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn and Modern Cornish were represented at this meeting. Reactions to the proposed orthography were mixed from the various language groups, Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek, Cussel an Tavaz Kernûak, Kesva an Taves Kernewek and Agan Tavas, but the majority wanted resolution and acceptance. The Cornish Language Partnership said that it would 'create an opportunity to break down barriers and the agreement marked a significant stepping stone in the Cornish language.' The vote to ratify the SWF was carried and on 19 May 2008 it was announced that the orthography been agreed. Eric Brooke, chairman of the Cornish Language Partnership, said: "This marks a significant stepping-stone in the development of the Cornish language. In time this step will allow the Cornish language to move forward to become part of the lives of all in Cornwall."[5][6][7] The fourth and final Standard Written Form draft was generated on 30 May 2008.[8]

On 17 June 2009, the bards of the Gorseth Kernow, under the leadership of Grand Bard Vanessa Beeman adopted, by overwhelming majority and after two decades of debate, to adopt the SWF for their ceremonies and correspondence. From the earliest days under Grand Bards Henry Jenner and Morton Nance, Unified Cornish had been used for the Gorseth ceremony.[9]

Kernowek Standard

Main article: Kernowek Standard

Kernowek Standard (Standard Cornish) is a proposed set of revisions to the SWF. It is based on the initial proposal (called Kernowak Standard and now designated KS1) for the SWF, developed by a group called UdnFormScrefys. After the publication of the SWF specification, members of this group established a new group, Spellyans, to identify shortcomings in the SWF and propose solutions for consideration when the SWF is reviewed in 2013. The orthography resulting from the application of these revisions, Kernowek Standard, has been used in a number of books, including an edition of the Bible and a comprehensive grammar, Desky Kernowek.[10]

Comparison tables

This table compares the spelling of some Cornish words in different orthographies (Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn, Revived Late Cornish, the Standard Written Form,[11] and Kernowek Standard).

UC UCR KK RLC SWF KS English
Kernewek Kernowek Kernewek Kernûak Kernewek, Kernowek Kernowek Cornish
gwenenen gwenenen gwenenenn gwenen gwenenen gwenenen bee
cadar, chayr chayr, cadar kador cader, chair kador, cador chair, cadar chair
kēs cues keus keaz keus keus cheese
yn-mēs yn-mēs yn-mes a-vêz yn-mes in mes outside
codha codha koedha codha kodha, codha codha (to) fall
gavar gavar gaver gavar gaver gavar goat
chȳ chȳ chi choy, chi, chy chi, chei chy house
gwēus gwēus gweus gwelv, gweus gweus gweùs lip
aber, ryver ryver, aber aber ryvar aber ryver, aber river mouth
nyver nyver niver never niver nyver number
peren peren perenn peran peren peren pear
scōl scōl skol scoll skol, scol scol school
megy megy megi megi megi, megy megy (to) smoke
steren steren sterenn steran steren steren star
hedhyū hedhyw hedhyw hedhiu hedhyw hedhyw today
whybana whybana hwibana wiban, whiban hwibana, whibana whybana (to) whistle
whēl whēl hwel whêl 'work' hwel, whel whel quarry
lün luen leun lean leun leun full
arghans arhans arghans arrans arhans arhans silver
arghans, mona mona, arhans muna arghans, mona arhans, mona mona money

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 http://www.cornishlanguage.co.uk/history.htm
  2. Williams, Nicholas (1995). Cornish Today: an examination of the revived language. Sutton Coldfield: Kernewek dre Lyther.
  3. Kernowek Standard website
  4. Kernowek Dasunys website
  5. BBC News 19 May 2008 – Breakthrough for Cornish language
  6. BBC News 19 May 2008 – Standard Cornish spelling agreed
  7. Cornish Language Partnership – Standard Written Form Ratified
  8. Kernowek official website
  9. "This is Cornwall" website
  10. Williams, Nicholas (2012). Desky Kernowek: A complete guide to Cornish. Evertype., ISBN 978-1-904808-99-2 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-904808-95-4 (paperback)
  11. Cornish Language Partnership – Outline of SWF (pdf)