Coregonus
| Coregonus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Salmoniformes |
| Family: | Salmonidae |
| Subfamily: | Coregoninae |
| Genus: | Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Type species | |
| Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
| Species | |
|
Nearly 70 extant members | |
Coregonus is a diverse genus of fish in the salmon family (Salmonidae). The type species is Coregonus lavaretus. The Coregonus species are known as whitefishes. The genus contains at least 68 described extant taxa, but the true number of species is a matter of debate.
Several species, including the Arctic cisco (C. autumnalis), the Bering cisco (C. laurettae), and the least cisco (C. sardinella) are anadromous, moving between salt water and fresh water.
The genus was previously subdivided into two subgenera Coregonus ("true whitefishes") and Leucichthys ("ciscoes"), Coregonus comprising taxa with sub-terminal mouth and usually a benthic feeding habit, Leucichthys those with terminal or supra-terminal mouth and usually a pelagic plankton-feeding habit. This classification is not natural however: based on molecular data, ciscoes comprise two distinct lineages within the genus. Moreover, the genus Stenodus is not phylogenetically distinct from Coregonus.[1]
Many whitefish species or ecotypes, especially from the Great Lakes and the Alpine lakes of Europe, have gone extinct over the past century or are endangered. All Coregonus species are protected under appendix III of the Bern Convention.
Species
There is much uncertainty and confusion in the classification of the many of species of this genus. There are currently 78 extant and recently extinct species in this genus recognised by FishBase as of February 2012 (extinct species are marked with a dagger, "†"):[2]
- Coregonus albellus Fatio, 1890 (autumn brienzlig)
- Coregonus albula (Linnaeus, 1758) (vendace)
- †Coregonus alpenae (Koelz, 1924) (longjaw cisco)
- Coregonus alpinus Fatio, 1885 (kropfer)
- Coregonus anaulorum Chereshnev, 1996
- Coregonus arenicolus Kottelat, 1997
- Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 (northern cisco or lake herring)
- Coregonus atterensis Kottelat, 1997
- Coregonus austriacus C. C. Vogt, 1909
- Coregonus autumnalis (Pallas, 1776) (Arctic cisco)
- Coregonus baerii Kessler, 1864
- Coregonus baicalensis Dybowski, 1874
- Coregonus baunti Mukhomediyarov, 1948
- Coregonus bavaricus Hofer, 1909
- Coregonus bezola Fatio, 1888 (bezoule)
- Coregonus candidus Goll, 1883
- Coregonus chadary Dybowski, 1869 (Khadary whitefish)
- Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill, 1818) (lake whitefish)
- Coregonus clupeoides Lacépède, 1803 (powan)
- Coregonus confusus Fatio, 1885
- Coregonus danneri C. C. Vogt, 1908
- Coregonus duplex Fatio, 1890
- Coregonus fatioi Kottelat, 1997
- †Coregonus fera Jurine, 1825 (fera)
- Coregonus fontanae M. Schulz & Freyhof, 2003 (Stechlin cisco)
- †Coregonus gutturosus (C. C. Gmelin (de), 1818)
- Coregonus heglingus Schinz, 1822
- †Coregonus hiemalis Jurine, 1825 (gravenche)
- Coregonus hoferi L. S. Berg, 1932
- Coregonus holsata Thienemann, 1916
- Coregonus hoyi (Milner, 1874) (bloater)
- Coregonus huntsmani W. B. Scott, 1987 (Atlantic whitefish)
- †Coregonus johannae (G. Wagner, 1910) (deepwater cisco)
- Coregonus kiletz Michailovsky, 1903
- Coregonus kiyi (Koelz, 1921) (kiyi)
- Coregonus ladogae Pravdin, Golubev & Belyaeva, 1938
- Coregonus laurettae T. H. Bean, 1881 (Bering cisco)
- Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) (common whitefish, European whitefish; lavaret)
- Coregonus lucinensis Thienemann, 1933
- Coregonus lutokka Kottelat, Bogutskaya & Freyhof, 2005
- Coregonus macrophthalmus Nüsslin, 1882
- Coregonus maraena (Bloch, 1779) (maraena whitefish)
- Coregonus maraenoides L. S. Berg, 1916
- Coregonus maxillaris Günther, 1866
- Coregonus megalops Widegren, 1863 (lacustrine fluvial whitefish)
- Coregonus migratorius (Georgi, 1775) (omul)
- Coregonus muksun (Pallas, 1814) (muksun)
- Coregonus nasus (Pallas, 1776) (broad whitefish)
- Coregonus nelsonii T. H. Bean, 1884 (Alaska whitefish)
- Coregonus nigripinnis (Milner, 1874) (blackfin cisco)
- Coregonus nilssoni Valenciennes, 1848
- Coregonus nipigon (Koelz, 1925)
- Coregonus nobilis Haack, 1882
- †Coregonus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758) (houting)
- Coregonus palaea G. Cuvier, 1829
- Coregonus pallasii Valenciennes, 1848
- Coregonus peled (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) (peled)
- Coregonus pennantii Valenciennes, 1848 (gwyniad)
- Coregonus pidschian (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) (humpback whitefish)
- Coregonus pollan W. Thompson, 1835 (Irish pollan)
- Coregonus pravdinellus Dulkeit, 1949
- Coregonus reighardi (Koelz, 1924) (shortnose cisco)
- Coregonus renke (Schrank, 1783)
- Coregonus restrictus Fatio, 1885
- Coregonus sardinella Valenciennes, 1848 (Sardine cisco)
- Coregonus stigmaticus Regan, 1908 (schelly)
- Coregonus subautumnalis Kaganowsky, 1932
- Coregonus suidteri Fatio, 1885
- Coregonus trybomi Svärdson (sv), 1979
- Coregonus tugun (Pallas, 1814)
- Coregonus ussuriensis L. S. Berg, 1906 (Amur whitefish)
- Coregonus vandesius J. Richardson, 1836 (vendace)
- Coregonus vessicus Dryagin, 1932
- Coregonus wartmanni (Bloch, 1784)
- Coregonus widegreni Malmgren, 1863 (Valaam whitefish)
- Coregonus zenithicus (D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1909) (shortjaw cisco)
- Coregonus zuerichensis Nüsslin, 1882
- Coregonus zugensis Nüsslin, 1882
References
- ↑ Bernatchez L, Colombani F, Dodson JJ (1991) Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily Coregoninae as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis Journal of Fish Biology 39 (Suppl A):283-290.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Species of Coregonus in FishBase. February 2012 version.
- "Coregonus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 December 2004.
- Division of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Extinct Species List". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 12 December 2004.
