Contagious shooting
A contagious shooting is a sociological phenomenon observed in military and police personnel in the United States, in which one person firing on a target can induce others to begin shooting. Often the subsequent shooters will not know why they are firing.[1][2][3]
This is defined as "officers firing because others are doing so," or according to Professor Eugene J. O'Donnell of John Jay College, "cops shoot because other cops shoot."[4] While commonly accepted in popular culture and police jargon, there has been yet no scientific evidence "to prove the existence of a contagious shooting dynamic," which O'Donnell said was a "debatable notion."[4]
Additionally, a former CIA employee and FBI firearms instructor observed it in training. "Consistently, in every class, officers would shoot at their target upon hearing others shoot, even when their particular target board did not contain the called target."[5] He suggests that one reason it occurs is because of muscle memory: "[T]he targets turn or the whistle blows, and all the officers shoot together until a cease fire signal is given."
O'Donnell partially reinforces this, saying that in classic cases involving contagious shooting, "a gun was shot before any officers fired," and thus "the officers involved began shooting because of fear or because of the sound of a colleague firing."[4]
Examples
- 2013: In California, officers involved in the search for Christopher Dorner mistakenly fired at least 100 rounds at a truck occupied by three people, none of whom had any connection to the suspect.[6] Each of the two women injured received $2.1 million in a settlement with the city of Los Angeles.
- 2013: In Watertown, MA - In an attempt to catch the Boston Marathon Bombers, who also murdered a police officer, several hundred officers descended on Watertown, MA. For an unknown reason officers fired thousands of rounds into the darkness with no apparent target. Later in the evening several officers opened fire on a pickup truck driven by an unrelated citizen. Fortunately the citizen was unharmed. During the initial volley sent into the darkness, the police did manage to shoot at least two of their own.
- 2012: NYPD officers responded to a report of shots fired with one victim killed in front of the Empire State Building. Officers fired sixteen rounds wounding 9 bystanders and killing the shooter.[7]
- 2011: On Memorial Day in Miami Beach several police officers fired until their magazines were empty on a stopped car after the driver smashed into other cars, killing the driver and injuring seven bystanders.[8]
- 2010: A bystander was injured in Harlem when a man "open[ed] fire on responding officers, who fired 46 times in response."[4] "In the Harlem episode, unlike the Bell and Diallo cases, a gun was shot before any officers fired, according to the police account. So, Professor O’Donnell said, in the Harlem case, 'there really is a shot,' and not just the threat of gunfire."[4]
- 2009: A man threatening officers with a rifle was shot 59 times in what was ruled a "suicide-by-cop"[9] in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
- 2006: Five officers fired 50 shots at Sean Bell in Queens, New York, including 31 by one detective - who reloaded his weapon during the incident.[2][4][10]
- 2006: Three officers fired 26 shots at a pit bull that had bitten a chunk out of an officer’s leg in the Bronx, New York in July.[11]
- 2006: Police in Lakeland, Florida fired 110 rounds at a suspect, Angilo Freeland, who had killed an officer earlier, hitting him 68 times. Polk County Sheriff Grady Judd famously told the Orlando Sentinel, "That's all the bullets we had".[12]
- 2005: Eight officers fired 43 shots at Brian Allen, an armed man, in Queens, New York killing him.[13]
- 2005: June, six Los Angeles County, California sheriff's deputies fired more than 50 shots into the car in which drunken driving suspect Carl Williams was driving, after his car rammed a police vehicle following a chase. One deputy had to reload his weapon during the incident.[14]
- 2004: "When 44-year-old drug suspect Winston Hayes' SUV lurched forward he hit a police car, deputies unloaded their weapons, firing 120 shots. Four bullets ended up hitting Hayes who survived, one hit a deputy sheriff, 11 hit patrol cars and 11 hit five homes in the neighborhood (one of them ended up tearing a hole in a homeowner's hat)." —ABC News.[14]
- 1999: Four officers fired 41 shots at Amadou Diallo, an unarmed man in the Bronx, New York on February 4, 1999.[4][15][16]
- 1998: New Jersey State Police fired 11 shots at Daniel Reyes and three other basketball players in their car in April.[17]
- 1970: May 4. Kent State shootings [ At 12:24 pm,[18] according to eyewitnesses, a Sgt. Myron Pryor turned and began firing at the students with his .45 pistol.[19] A number of guardsmen nearest the students also turned and fired their rifles at the students. In all, 29 of the 77 guardsmen claimed to have fired their weapons, using a final total of 67 rounds of ammunition. The shooting was determined to have lasted only 13 seconds, although John Kifner reported in the New York Times that "it appeared to go on, as a solid volley, for perhaps a full minute or a little longer."[20] The question of why the shots were fired remains widely debated.
Photo taken from the perspective of where the Ohio National Guard soldiers stood when they opened fire on the students
Usage
- New York Times; August 12, 2010; Defined as "officers firing because others are doing so. ... The simplest culturally accepted definition ... is that 'cops shoot because other cops shoot.'"[4]
- United Press International; November 27, 2006; Police experts have suggested "contagious shooting" may have played a role in a deadly New York incident when five officers fired 50 rounds at a man.
- Baltimore Sun; May 24, 2006; "If one fires, the rest fire. It is called contagious shooting," Mamet said. "People start shooting; they don't even know why."
- New York Times; March 26, 1999; "Some law enforcement officials said that it was possible that only one or two of the officers perceived a danger, and that the others opened fire simply because their comrades had begun firing – a phenomenon known in law enforcement circles as contagious shooting."[15]
- New York Daily News; March 10, 1999; "A lawyer for one of four cops who shot Amadou Diallo hinted yesterday that a phenomenon known as "contagious shooting" — in which a cop's shot sparks a volley from other officers — may have caused his client to fire 16 shots... According to the NYPD patrol guide, contagious shooting occurs when "a shot fired by one officer sets off a chain reaction of shooting by other personnel ... Thomas Reppetto, head of the Citizens Crime Commission, said the term contagious shooting was used during 1960s riots when a cop would fire at what he thought was a sniper and other officers would follow."
See also
References
- ↑ Wilson, Michael. 50 Shots Fired, and the Experts Offer a Theory. New York Times; November 27, 2006; It is known in police parlance as "contagious shooting" gunfire that spreads among officers who believe that they, or their colleagues, are facing a threat. It spreads like germs, like laughter, or fear. An officer fires, so his colleagues do, too. The phenomenon appears to have happened last year, when eight officers fired 43 shots at an armed man in Queens, killing him. In July, three officers fired 26 shots at a pit bull that had bitten a chunk out of an officer’s leg in a Bronx apartment building. And there have been other episodes: in 1995, in the Bronx, officers fired 125 bullets during a bodega robbery, with one officer firing 45 rounds…
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Guns Gone Wild; NYPD gunfire goes up while crime goes down. What gives?.". Village Voice. December 5, 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
The phrase NYPD officials have been using to describe why five officers would then shoot 49 more bullets into a car without anyone shooting back is "contagious fire": cops shooting because their partners are. It's what happened on the night of February 4, 1999, in the Bronx, when police officers assigned to an anti-gun squad struck Amadou Diallo with 19 of the 41 shots they fired.
- ↑ "Can "contagious shooting" explain what happened in New York this weekend?". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
Some experts are calling the most recent incident in Queens an example of "contagious shooting," which might at least partially explain many other examples of apparent over-firing. The phenomenon seems to be a combination of reflex, panic and trust. In an article in the Baltimore Sun, law-enforcement consultant Edward Mamet explains, "If one fires, the rest fire ... People start shooting; they don't even know why."
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Yar Rivera and Al Baker (August 12, 2010). "Bystander Injured in Harlem Episode Cites ‘Contagious Shooting’ in Plan to Sue". New York Times. p. A27. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ↑ Chuck Joyner (29 Jan 2010). PoliceOne.com title=Fighting the contagious fire phenomenon http://www.policeone.com/pc_print.asp?vid=1996906 title=Fighting the contagious fire phenomenon. Retrieved 28 Apr 2013. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Michael Winter (23 Apr 2013). "2 women hurt during L.A. manhunt to receive $4.2M". USA Today. Retrieved 28 Apr 2013.
- ↑ Daily News (New York) http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/person-killed-shooting-empire-state-building-morning-rush-article-1.1143522?pgno=1. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/05/30/2241990/police-gunmen-open-fire-on-south.html[]
- ↑ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32290956/
- ↑ New York Post; November 26, 2006; A Queens bachelor party turned into a bloodbath early yesterday when five cops opened fire on a car with 50 shots - killing the groom-to-be, wounding his two friends and leaving furious relatives demanding answers from the NYPD.
- ↑ Santos, Fernanda. 4 Officers Hurt (One by Pit Bull) as Police Fire 26 Shots to Kill Dog in Bronx. New York Times; July 24, 2006.
- ↑ http://www.snopes.com/crime/cops/judd.asp
- ↑ Rashbaum, William K. Police Say Man They Shot Terrorized 2 Co-Workers. New York Times; January 8, 2005; man who died in a fusillade of more than 40 police bullets in Queens on Thursday had shot and wounded one deaf co-worker and kidnapped and raped another hours before the fatal confrontation, the police said yesterday.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Baram, Marcus. How Common Is Contagious Shooting? ABC News. Nov. 27, 2006.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 McFadden, Robert D. Lawyer Says 4 Officers Accused of Second-Degree Murder. New York Times; March 26, 1999. "Some law enforcement officials said that it was possible that only one or two of the officers perceived a danger, and that the others opened fire simply because their comrades had begun firing – a phenomenon known in law enforcement circles as contagious shooting." retrieved 11/29/2006
- ↑ Saletan, William Catch and Shoot. The perils of 'contagious shooting.' Slate, Thursday, Nov. 30, 2006. "In the Diallo era, the NYPD patrol guide explained that the first shot 'sets off a chain reaction of shooting by other personnel.'" retrieved Dec. 1, 2006.
- ↑ Hanley, Robert. Troopers' Version of Shooting Is Disputed New York Times; June 2, 2000; Two New Jersey state troopers who face trial in the 1998 shooting of three minority men in a van on the New Jersey Turnpike told the authorities they shot in self-defense as the van backed toward one of them. But the state released a court document Wednesday in which one of the men, Danny Reyes, said he had raised his hands and was pleading as a trooper shot him four times.
- ↑ "May 4th Memorials". Kent State University. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ↑ "TRIALS: Last Act at Kent State". Time. September 8, 1975. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ↑ John Kifner (May 4, 1970). "4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ↑ McDonald, Kyle (April 21, 2014). "Full History of Familiar Kent State Sculpture Comes to Light after Decades". Record-Courier. Retrieved May 1, 2014. (subscription required (help)).