Common remora

Common remora
Conservation status
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Echeneidae
Genus: Remora
Species: R. remora
Binomial name
Remora remora
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
  • Echeneis bourboniensis A. H. A. Duméril, 1858 (Ambiguous name)
  • Echeneis remora Linnaeus, 1758
  • Echeneis squalipeta Daldorff, 1793
  • Echeneis parva Gronow, 1854
  • Echeneis remoroides Bleeker, 1855
  • Echeneis remeligo A. H. A. Duméril, 1858
  • Echeneis postica Poey, 1860
  • Echeneis remeligo Guichenot, 1863
  • Echeneis borboniensis Guichenot, 1863
  • Echeneis nubifera S. Tanaka (I), 1915

The common remora, Remora remora, is a pelagic marine fish[1] belonging to family Echeneidae. R. remora is different from other remoras in the family Echeneidae by the modification of its dorsal fin.[2] The dorsal fin, which has 22 to 26 soft rays, acts as a suction cup, creating a vacuum[3] to allow it to attach to larger marine animals, such as whales, dolphins, sharks, and sea turtles.[4]

Physical characteristics

The common remora has a suckerlike dorsal fin and an anal fin. Its body can be brown, black or grey in color.[5] This species can reach 86.4 cm (34.0 in) in total length, though most do not exceed 40 cm (16 in).[6] The maximum known weight of this species is 1.1 kg (2.4 lb).[6]

Biology and behavior

R. remora and its host seem to partake in a symbiotic relationship; the common remora does not seem to have a negative effect on its host. The host provides the remora with fast-moving water to bathe its gills, a steady flow of food, transportation, and protection.[7] The common remora's attachment to one host can last for up to three months.[8] During this time, the remora can move its attachment site if it feels threatened.[9] The common remora cannot survive in still water; it needs water flow over its gills to provide it oxygen.

Habitat

This remora is commonly found in warm marine waters and have been seen in the western Mediterranean and the Atlantic, as well as the North Sea.

museum specimen, dorsal view

Reproduction

A mating couple may attach to the same host, and have host fidelity.[10] It is not clear when during the year the common remora spawns, and little is known about the fish's reproductive behavior.

Food and diet

The remora consumes food scraps from its host, as well as plankton and parasitic copepods.

Significance to humans

No known negative impacts for humans are known. Remoras can be caught as fishing bycatch and put in aquaria.[11] Remoras have been used in fishing. Humans may attach fishing line to the remora and wait for it to cling to a larger fish.[12]

References

  1. ↑ Leao, Mark; Kimberly Schulz (editor) (2002). "Remora remora (on-line)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  2. ↑ Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Volume 2, D-F1. Simon Asher Levin, Editor in Chief. San Francisco, CA: Academic Press, 2001. p. 770
  3. ↑ Fishes of the World, 3rd edition. Joseph S. Nelson. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1994. p. 351
  4. ↑ Sazima, I.; Grossman, A. (2006). "Turtle riders: Remoras on marine turtles in Southwest Atlantic". Neotropical Ichthyology 4: 123. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252006000100014.
  5. ↑ Smith's Sea Fishes, 6th edition. Edited by Margaret M. Smith and Phillip C. Heemstra. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1986. p. 662
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Remora remora" in FishBase. April 2013 version.
  7. ↑ Fertl, D.; Landry, A. M. (1999). "Sharksucker (Echeneis naucrates) on a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops tTruncatus) and a Review of Other Cetacean-Remora Associations". Marine Mammal Science 15 (3): 859. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00849.x.
  8. ↑ Sazima, I.; Sazima, C.; Silva-Jr, J. M. D. (2006). "Fishes associated with spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical Western Atlantic: An update and overview". Neotropical Ichthyology 4 (4): 451. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252006000400009.
  9. ↑ Silva-Jr, J. M.; Sazima, I. (2009). "Whalesuckers on spinner dolphins: An underwater view". Marine Biodiversity Records 1. doi:10.1017/S1755267206002016.
  10. ↑ Silva-Jr, J. M.; Sazima, I. (2003). "Whalesuckers and a spinner dolphin bonded for weeks: Does host fidelity pay off?". Biota Neotropica 3 (2): 1. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032003000200012.
  11. ↑ Grizmek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 5, Fishes 11, edited by Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, Paul V. Loiselle, and Neil Schlager. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003. p. 216
  12. ↑ Fishes, Ascidians, etc. Vol. 7. Edited by Sir S.F. Harmer and Sir A.E. Shipley. London: McMillan and Co., Limited. 1932. p. 691