Cole v Whitfield
| Cole v Whitfield | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Court | High Court of Australia |
| Full case name | Cole v Whitfield |
| Decided | 2 May 1988 |
| Citation(s) | (1988) 165 CLR 360, [1988] HCA 18 |
| Case history | |
| Prior action(s) | none |
| Subsequent action(s) | none |
| Case opinions | |
| (7:0) Where a law creates a discriminatory and protectionist burden on interstate trade and commerce and is not pursuant or incidental to a non-protectionist purpose, it will be in breach of Section 92 of the Australian Constitution. (per Mason CJ, Wilson, Brennan, Deane, Dawson, Toohey & Gaudron JJ) | |
| Court membership | |
| Judge(s) sitting | Mason CJ, Wilson, Brennan, Deane, Dawson, Toohey and Gaudron JJ |
Cole v Whitfield (1988) 165 CLR 360; [1988] HCA 18 was a landmark High Court of Australia decision where the Court overruled the long-held notion that the words "absolutely free" in Section 92 of the Constitution of Australia protected a personal individual right of freedom in interstate trade. It was instead replaced with the economic notion of "free trade". The unanimous ruling remains controversial today.
Background
Whitfield was a crayfish trader charged with the unlawful possession of undersized crayfish. He resided in Tasmania, but the fish were purchased in South Australia and shipped to Tasmania. Under South Australian state's law, the fish that he purchased were of a lawful size, but under Tasmanian laws, they were undersize. Section 9 of the Fisheries Act 1959 (Tasmania) empowered the Governor of Tasmania to make regulations relating to a number of subjects, one of which was the classification of undersized fish. The Sea Fisheries Regulations 1962 were made pursuant to the Fisheries Act and regulation 31(1)(d) outlawed catching male crayfish less than 11 cm and female crayfish less than 10.5 cm in length.
Whitfield argued that the disparity in laws between states was an undue burden upon him and in breach of Section 92.
Decision
The Court decided that the clause "absolutely free" in Section 92 was not a guarantee of absolute freedom of restrictions. Such a notion, they argued, would be chaotic. The Court rejected the "individual rights" approach favoured in earlier cases such as Bank of New South Wales v The Commonwealth and endorsed the "free trade" approach. The Court broke with tradition and consulted the Constitutional Convention debate transcripts to establish the true purpose of Section 92. The Court concluded it was to create a free trade zone among the Australian states, and the words "absolutely free" referred to freedom in the economic sense. Thus, laws of a protectionist kind interfering with interstate trade and commerce would be invalid.
The Court looked to the purpose of the Tasmanian laws and found that their objectives were of a conservational nature. As the laws applied to all crayfish, they were not of a protectionist nature and hence not in breach of Section 92.
See also
References
- Williams, George; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2014). Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory (6 ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. pp. 1206–1214. ISBN 978-1-86287-918-8.