Close-mid front unrounded vowel

Close-mid front unrounded vowel
e
IPA number 302
Encoding
Entity (decimal) e
Unicode (hex) U+0065
X-SAMPA e
Kirshenbaum e
Braille ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)
Sound
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The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.

The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of this article follows this preference. However, a large number of linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•əɵ̞
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
•aɶ
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Egyptian ليه [leː] 'why' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Levantine ليش [leːʃ] See Arabic phonology
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic heː [heː] 'yes' Prominent in the Urmia, Nochiya and Jilu dialects. Can be closer to [i] for some speakers. Lowered to [e̞] in other varieties.
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[1]
Catalan[2] séc [s̠ek] 'fold' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese 鼻 bei6 [pei˨˨] 'nose' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin 飛 fēi [feɪ̯˥] 'to fly' See Standard Chinese phonology
Wu 隑 ge [ɡe˩˧] 'lean'
Danish Standard[3][4][5][6][7] hæl [ˈheːˀl] 'heel' Also described as open-mid ⟨ɛ⟩[8] - the way it is most often transcribed. It is mid [e̞] in the conservative variety.[9] See Danish phonology
Dutch Belgian[10] vreemd [vreːmt] 'strange' In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology
Northeastern
Standard
Netherlandic
English Australian[11] bed [bed] 'bed' See Australian English phonology
New Zealand Can be closer to [ɪ] for some speakers.
South African Can also be lower [ɛ], or higher [e̝~ɪ̞], depending on the dialect.
North American play [pl̥e(ː)] 'play' Some dialects. Many speakers have a diphthong of the type [eɪ] instead.
Irish
General Indian[12]
General Pakistani[13] Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker.
Scottish[14]
Singaporean[15]
Tyneside[16]
Ulster[17] Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast.
Cardiff[18] kit [ke̠t] 'kit' Near-front;[18] corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects.
Faroese eg [eː] 'I'
French[19] beauté [bot̪e] 'beauty' See French phonology
Galician tres [t̪ɾes] 'three'
Georgian[20] მეფჱ [mɛpʰej] 'king'
German Standard[21] Seele  [ˈzeːlə]  'soul' See German phonology
Hindustani दे / دے [d̪eː] 'give!' See Hindustani phonology
Icelandic[22][23][24] vinur [ˈveːnөr] 'friend' Most often transcribed /ɪ/. See Icelandic phonology
Italian[25] stelle [ˈs̪t̪elle] 'stars' See Italian phonology
Korean 베다 beda [ˈpeːda] 'to cut' See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[26] drécken [ˈdʀekən] 'to push' Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [ɛ].
Malay bebek [bebek] 'duck' See Malay phonology
North Frisian ween [ʋeːn] 'blue'
Norwegian Standard Eastern[27] le [l̪eː] 'laugh' Often diphthongized to [eə̯]. See Norwegian phonology
Polish[28] dzień  [ˈd͡ʑeɲ̟]  'day' Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[29] mesa [ˈmezɐ] 'table' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਸੇਬ [seːb] 'apple'
Romanian Muntenian dialects[30] vezi [vezi] 'eyelash' Mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[31] шея  [ˈʂejə]  'neck' Occurs only before soft consonants. See Russian phonology
Swedish se  [s̪eː]  'see' See Swedish phonology
Vietnamese tê [te] 'numb' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian skeel [skeːɫ] 'cross-eyed'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[32] — — Occurs mostly after [i], otherwise the vowel is central [ɘ].

See also

References

  1. ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  2. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  3. ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
  4. ↑ Grønnum (2005:268)
  5. ↑ Grønnum (2003)
  6. ↑ Basbøll (2005:45)
  7. ↑ "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  8. ↑ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
  9. ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
  10. ↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
  11. ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  12. ↑ Wells (1982:626)
  13. ↑ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1010)
  14. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  15. ↑ Deterding (2000:?)
  16. ↑ Watt & Allen (2003:268–269)
  17. ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Coupland (1990:93)
  19. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  20. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  21. ↑ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
  22. ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
  23. ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  24. ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
  25. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  26. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  27. ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)
  28. ↑ Jassem (2003:106)
  29. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  30. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  31. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:44)
  32. ↑ Merrill (2008:109–10)

Bibliography

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  • Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, p. 93, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling, The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99
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  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
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  • Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
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  • Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity; Evans, Zoe (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
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