Claudio Arrau

Claudio Arrau in 1974, by Allan Warren

Claudio Arrau León (February 6, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was a Chilean pianist known for his interpretations of a vast repertoire spanning from the baroque to 20th-century composers, especially Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, Liszt and Brahms. He is widely considered one of the greatest pianists of the twentieth century.

Life

Arrau was born in Chillán, Chile, the son of Carlos Arrau, an ophthalmologist who died when Claudio was only a year old, and Lucrecia León Bravo de Villalba, a piano teacher. He belonged to an old, prominent family of Southern Chile. His ancestor Lorenzo de Arrau, a Spanish engineer, was sent to Chile by King Carlos III of Spain. Through his great-grandmother, María del Carmen Daroch del Solar, Arrau was a descendant of the Campbells of Glenorchy, a Scottish noble family. Arrau was raised as a Catholic, but gave it up in his late teens.^[1]

Claudio Arrau, 1929

Arrau was a child prodigy, he could read music before he could read words, but unlike many virtuosos, there had never been a professional musician in his family. His mother was an amateur pianist and introduced him to the instrument. At the age of 4 he was reading Beethoven sonatas. A year later, he was giving his first concert.^[2] When he was 6 he auditioned in front of several congressmen and President Pedro Montt, who was so impressed that he began arrangements for Arrau's future education. At age 8 Arrau was sent on a 10-year-long grant from the Chilean government to study in Germany, travelling with his mother and sister Lucrecia. He was admitted to the Stern Conservatory of Berlin where he eventually became a pupil of Martin Krause, who had studied under Franz Liszt. At the age of 11 Arrau could play Liszt's Transcendental Etudes, one of the most difficult works for piano, as well as Brahms's Paganini Variations. Arrau's first recordings were made on Aeolian Duo-Art player piano music rolls. Krause died in his fifth year of teaching Arrau, leaving the 15-year-old student devastated at the loss of his mentor : he did not continue formal study after that point.^[2]

In 1929, Arrau married the lyric soprano Erika Burkewitch. (1909-1997), a Latvian national. They had one child: Klaudio (1929-1948). Arrau and Erika separated in 1933.

In 1935, Arrau gave a celebrated rendition of the entire keyboard works of Johann Sebastian Bach in 12 recitals. In 1936, Arrau gave a complete Mozart keyboard works over 5 recitals, and followed with the complete Schubert and Weber cycles. In 1938, for the first time, Arrau gave the complete Beethoven piano sonatas and concertos in Mexico City. Arrau repeated this several times in his lifetime, including in New York and London. He became one of the leading authorities on Beethoven in the 20th century.^[2][3]

In 1937, Arrau married the mezzo-soprano Ruth Schneider ( -1989), a German national. They had three children: Carmen (1938–2006), Mario (1940–1988) and Christopher (1959). In 1941 the Arrau family left Germany and migrated to the United States, eventually settling in New York City, where Arrau spent his remaining years. He became a dual U.S./Chilean citizen in 1979.

Arrau died on June 9, 1991, at the age of 88, in Mürzzuschlag, Austria, from complications of emergency surgery performed on June 8 to correct an intestinal blockage.^[4] His remains were interred in his native city of Chillán, Chile.

Tone and approach to music

Claudio Arrau

Daniel Barenboim said that Claudio Arrau had a particular sound with two aspects : firstly a thickness, full-bodied and orchestral, and secondly an utterly disembodied timbre, quite spellbinding.^[5] Sir Colin Davis said : "His sound is amazing, and it is entirely his own... no one else has it exactly that way. His devotion to Liszt is extraordinary. He ennobles that music in a way no one else in the world can."^[5] According to American critic Harold C. Schonberg, Arrau always put "a decidedly romantic piano tone in his interpretations".^[6]

Arrau was an intellectual and a deeply reflective interpreter. He read widely while travelling, and despite the lack of any formal education outside of his musical training, he learned English, Italian, German, and French in addition to his native Spanish. He became familiar with Jung's psychology in his twenties.^[7]

Arrau's attitude toward music was very serious. He preached fidelity to the score, but also the use of imagination.^[8] Although he often played with slower and more deliberate tempi from his middle age onward, he had a reputation as a fabulous virtuoso earlier in his career, a reputation supported by recordings he made at this time, such as Balakirev's Islamey and Liszt's Paganini études.^[9][10] However, even late in his career, he often tended to play with less restraint in live concerts than in studio recordings.

Arrau was a man of remarkable fortitude; even towards the end of his life he invariably programmed very large, demanding concerts, including works such as Beethoven's Emperor Concerto and Brahms' Piano Concerto No. 1.^[3]

Contributions

Numerous pianists studied with Arrau, including Karlrobert Kreiten, Garrick Ohlsson and Roberto Eyzaguirre among others.

He was a great recital performer : at the age of 60, for the last 20 years, he had averaged 120 concerts a season, with a very large extent of repertoire. At one time or another, he has performed the complete keyboard works of Bach, Beethoven and Chopin; but has also programed such off-the-beaten-path composers as Alkan and Busoni and illuminated obscure corners of the Liszt repertoire. It has been estimated that Arrau's total repertoire would carry him through 76 recital evenings, not counting the 60-odd works with orchestra which he also knows.^[2]

Arrau recorded a considerable part of the piano music of Robert Schumann, Frédéric Chopin, and Franz Liszt. He edited the complete Beethoven piano sonatas for the Peters Urtext edition and recorded all of them on the Philips label in 1962-1966. He recorded almost all of them once again after 1984 along with Mozart's complete piano sonatas. He is also famous for his recordings of Schubert, Brahms and Debussy.

Notable recordings:

• Bach: Goldberg Variations (recorded in 1945), partitas 1,2,3 and 5 (recorded in 1991)
• Beethoven: complete piano concertos (he recorded them three times) and piano sonatas (two times)
• Brahms: complete piano concertos (he recorded them twice), piano sonatas 2 and 3
• Chopin: complete nocturnes, preludes, piano concertos, Études
• Debussy: complete preludes & images
• Liszt: piano sonata in B minor, complete Transcendental Études
• Mozart: complete piano sonatas
• Schoenberg: piano pieces, Op. 11
• Schubert: late piano sonatas, Impromptus, Klavierstücke, D. 946
• Schumann: Carnaval & Fantasia in C Major, piano concerto
• Weber: piano sonata in C Major & Konzertstück, Op. 79

At the time of his death at age 88 in the midst of a European concert tour, Arrau was working on a recording of the complete works of Bach for keyboard, and was also preparing some pieces of Haydn, Mendelssohn, Reger and Busoni, and Boulez's 3rd piano sonata.

The Robert Schumann Society established the Arrau Medal in 1991. It has been awarded to András Schiff, Martha Argerich and Murray Perahia.

Critics

• Olin Downes, reviewing a recital of Mozart, Schumann, Ravel and Debussy works in The New York Times, described Claudio Arrau as "a pianist of most exceptional equipment, imagination and unfailing taste."^[3]
• In 1963, according to various critics, he was a man with "no equal at the present time in point of technical stature and depth of musical imagination," "the No. 1 pianist of our time," a "pianistic titan," a "lion of the piano," or, if you like, a "neo-Liszt from the Tropic of Capricorn".^[2]
• "Is it not Claudio Arrau who is the most musical and deeply serious piano phenomenon of our time ?" - Karl Schumann, Germany's leading music critic, in the Süddeutsche Zeitung on June 2, 1986.^[11]
• According to Joseph Horowitz in his book Conversations With Arrau (1982), some critics felt that Arrau's overall approach became less spontaneous and more reserved and introspective after the death of his mother, to whom he was extremely close. Arrau isolated himself for two weeks after his mother's death, refusing to perform or to receive comfort from friends.
• John von Rhein wrote in 1991 in the Chicago Tribune : "He was among the least flamboyant of pianists, avoiding virtuosic display as rigorously as some pianists seek it out; yet there was never any doubt of his virtuoso technique. He commanded a rich sonority, each chord superbly weighted, the fingerwork a model of finely chiseled clarity, the shape of each phrase deeply considered. Sometimes Mr. Arrau`s penchant for slow tempos and emphasis on inner detail could seem fussy, depriving his performances of spontaneity and momentum. At his considerable best, however, he was among the most deeply satisfying interpreters of Mozart, Brahms, Schumann, Liszt, Chopin and particularly Beethoven, whose works held a position in his repertoire comparable to that of his great colleague, pianist Rudolf Serkin.^[12]

Quotes

• "All I wanted was music," Mr. Arrau once said of his early years. "I was even fed at the piano. Otherwise, it seems, I wouldn't eat. I used to play with my mouth open, and my mother put food in it."^[3]

• Describing his work in a 1975 interview, Mr. Arrau said: "I try to play the way a cat jumps. It must be completely natural. I have promised myself that whenever I feel a kind of routine creeping into my playing, I will stop. Now when I play I am almost in ecstasy, a creative ecstasy, which I wouldn't miss for anything. This is what I live for."^[3]

• "An interpreter must give his blood to the work interpreted." — Claudio Arrau

• "Since in music we deal with notes, not words, with chords, with transitions, with color and expression, the musical meaning always based on those notes as written and nothing else - has to be divined. Therefore any musician, no matter how great an instrumentalist, who is not also an interpreter of a divinatory order, the way Furtwängler was, or Fischer-Dieskau is, is somehow one-sided, somehow without spiritual grandeur." — Claudio Arrau

Awards and recognitions

Album prizes

• Deutscher Schallplattenpreis:

Brahms 2 Piano Concertos with Carlo Maria Giulini and Philharmonia Orchestra [EMI Recorded in 1960 & 1962]

Beethoven 5 Piano Concertos with Bernard Haitink and Concertgebouw Orchestra [Philips Recorded in 1964]

Schumann Sonate Op.11, Fantasiestücke Op.111 [Philips Recorded in 1967 & 1968]

Brahms 2 Piano Concertos with Bernard Haitink and Concertgebouw Orchestra [Philips Recorded in 1969]

• Liszt Record Grand Prix:

Liszt Complete Concert Paraphrases on Operas by Verdi [Philips Recorded in 1971]

Liszt 12 Etudes d'exécution Transcendente [Philips Recorded in 1974 & 1976]

Liszt 2 Piano Concertos with Sir Colin Davis and London Symphony Orchestra [Philips Recorded in 1979]

• Diapason d'Or:

Chopin Complete Nocturnes [Philips Recorded in 1977 & 1978]

Chopin Complete Etudes [EMI Recorded in 1956, Remastered in 1987]

• Grand Prix du Disque:

Chopin Complete Etudes [EMI Recorded in 1956, Remastered in 1987]

Schumann Piano Concerto, Carnaval & Beethoven Sonata Op.111 [EMI Filmed in 1963, 1961 & 1970]

• Edison Award:

Liszt Solo Piano Works: Ballade No.2, Jeux d'eaux à la villa d'Este, Vallée d'Obermann…… [Philips Recorded in 1969]

• Belgium Caecilia Award:

Schumann Comprehensive Solo Piano Works [Philips Recorded from 1966 to 1976]

• Japan Record Academy Award:

Beethoven 5 Piano Concertos with Sir Colin Davis and Staatskapelle Dresden [Philips Recorded in 1984 & 1987]

• FFFF de Télérama:

Chopin Complete Etudes [EMI Recorded in 1956, Remastered in 1987]

• Warsaw Chopin Society's Grand Prix du Disque Frédéric Chopin:

Chopin Complete Etudes [EMI Recorded in 1956, Remastered in 1987]

References

External links

• Media related to Claudio Arrau at Wikimedia Commons
• Claudio Arrau, Pianist, Is Dead at 88 Obituary, New York Times
• ArrauHouse. Comprehensive website on Claudio Arrau
• Biographical sketch for Claudio Arrau
• Discographie, repertoire et informations
• Remembering Claudio Arrau on the tenth anniversary of his passing at the Wayback Machine (archived September 23, 2006) from Unitel
• Decca & Philips' Biography and Discography of Claudio Arrau
• Marston Records' Biography of Claudio Arrau
• Biography of Claudio Arrau from Answers.com
• A comprehensive discography (French)
• Biography of Claudio Arrau at the Wayback Machine (archived March 24, 2008) (Spanish)
• Pianist Claudio.com
• Biography of Claudio Arrau (Spanish)
• Article of Claudio Arrau from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
• Article of Claudio Arrau from BBC Radio 3
• Profile for Claudio Arrau León on Find-A-Grave
• Arrau's Museum
• "Claudio Arrau Introduces the Beethoven Piano Concertos" on YouTube