Civil parishes in South Yorkshire

A map of South Yorkshire, showing the Metropolitan Boroughs: (1) Sheffield; (2) Rotherham; (3) Doncaster; and (4) Barnsley.

A civil parish is a country subdivision, forming the lowest unit of local government in England. There are 93 civil parishes in the ceremonial county of South Yorkshire, most of the county being unparished. At the 2001 census, there were 360,191 people living in the 93 parishes, accounting for 28.4 per cent of the county's population.

History

Parishes arose from Church of England divisions, and were originally purely ecclesiastical divisions. Over time they acquired civil administration powers.[1]

The Highways Act 1555 made parishes responsible for the upkeep of roads. Every adult inhabitant of the parish was obliged to work four days a year on the roads, providing their own tools, carts and horses; the work was overseen by an unpaid local appointee, the Surveyor of Highways.[2]

The poor were looked after by the monasteries, until their dissolution. In 1572, magistrates were given power to 'survey the poor' and impose taxes for their relief. This system was made more formal by the Poor Law Act 1601, which made parishes responsible for administering the Poor Law; overseers were appointed to charge a rate to support the poor of the parish.[3] The 19th century saw an increase in the responsibility of parishes, although the Poor Law powers were transferred to Poor Law Unions.[4] The Public Health Act 1872 grouped parishes into Rural Sanitary Districts, based on the Poor Law Unions; these subsequently formed the basis for Rural Districts.[5]

Parishes were run by vestries, meeting annually to appoint officials, and were generally identical to ecclesiastical parishes,[6] although some townships in large parishes administered the Poor Law themselves; under the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, all extra-parochial areas and townships that levied a separate rate became independent civil parishes.[7]

Civil parishes in their modern sense date from the Local Government Act 1894, which abolished vestries; established elected parish councils in all rural parishes with more than 300 electors; grouped rural parishes into Rural Districts; and aligned parish boundaries with county and borough boundaries.[7] Urban civil parishes continued to exist, and were generally coterminous with the Urban District, Municipal Borough or County Borough in which they were situated; many large towns contained a number of parishes, and these were usually merged into one. Parish councils were not formed in urban areas, and the only function of the parish was to elect guardians to Poor Law Unions; with the abolition of the Poor Law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.[8]

The Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas, and many former Urban Districts and Municipal Boroughs that were being abolished, were replaced by new successor parishes; urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes became unparished areas.[9]

South Yorkshire showing the former local authorities

The current position

Recent governments have encouraged the formation of town and parish councils in unparished areas, and the Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand the creation of a new civil parish.[10]

A parish council can become a town council unilaterally, simply by resolution;[9] and a civil parish can also gain city status, but only if that is granted by the Crown.[9] The chairman of a town or city council is called a mayor.[9] The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 introduced alternative names: a parish council can now choose to be called a community; village; or neighbourhood council.[11]

List of civil parishes and unparished areas

Image Name Status Population District Former local authority Refs
Barnsley Unparished area 65,188 Barnsley Barnsley
County Borough 		[12]
[13]
Billingley Civil parish 177 Barnsley Hemsworth
Rural District 		[14]
[15]
Brierley Town 5,973 Barnsley Hemsworth
Rural District 		[14]
[15]
Cawthorne Civil parish 1,108 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
Cudworth Unparished area 9,099 Barnsley Cudworth
Urban District 		[17]
[18]
Darfield Unparished area 7,178 Barnsley Darfield
Urban District 		[19]
[20]
Darton Unparished area 21,596 Barnsley Darton
Urban District 		[21]
[22]
Dearne Unparished area 22,070 Barnsley Dearne
Urban District 		[23]
[24]
Dodworth Unparished area 5,742 Barnsley Dodworth
Urban District 		[25]
[26]
Dunford Civil parish 627 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
Great Houghton Civil parish 2,261 Barnsley Hemsworth
Rural District 		[14]
[15]
Gunthwaite and Ingbirchworth Civil parish 400 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
High Hoyland Civil parish 142 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
Hoyland Nether Unparished area 14,419 Barnsley Hoyland Nether
Urban District 		[27]
[28]
Hunshelf Civil parish 324 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
Langsett Civil parish 161 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
Little Houghton Civil parish 618 Barnsley Hemsworth
Rural District 		[14]
[15]
Oxspring Civil parish 1,048 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
Penistone Town 10,101 Barnsley Penistone
Urban District 		[29]
[15]
Royston Unparished area 10,038 Barnsley Royston
Urban District 		[30]
[31]
Shafton Civil parish 2,840 Barnsley Hemsworth
Rural District 		[14]
[15]
Silkstone Civil parish 2,954 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
Stainborough Civil parish 399 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
Tankersley Civil parish 1,414 Barnsley Wortley
Rural District 		[32]
[15]
Thurgoland Civil parish 1,801 Barnsley Penistone
Rural District 		[16]
[15]
Wombwell Unparished area 16,522 Barnsley Wombwell
Urban District 		[33]
[34]
Worsbrough Unparished area 13,284 Barnsley Worsbrough
Urban District 		[35]
[36]
Wortley Civil parish 579 Barnsley Wortley
Rural District 		[32]
[15]
Adwick le Street Unparished area 18,656 Doncaster Adwick le Street
Urban District 		[37]
[38]
Adwick upon Dearne Civil parish 351 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Armthorpe Civil parish 12,630 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Askern Town 5,434 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Auckley Civil parish 3,266 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Austerfield Civil parish 571 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Barnburgh Civil parish 1,979 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Barnby Dun with Kirk Sandall Civil parish 8,524 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Bawtry Town 3,204 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Bentley with Arksey Unparished area 20,545 Doncaster Bentley with Arksey
Urban District 		[41]
[42]
Blaxton Civil parish 1,179 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Braithwell Civil parish 1,056 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Brodsworth Civil parish 2,875 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Burghwallis Civil parish 278 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Cadeby Civil parish 203 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Cantley Civil parish 2,830 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Clayton with Frickley Civil parish 208 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Conisbrough Unparished area 15,575 Doncaster Conisbrough
Urban District 		[43]
[44]
Conisbrough Parks Civil parish 385 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Denaby Civil parish 326 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Doncaster Unparished area 75,273 Doncaster Doncaster
County Borough 		[45]
[46]
Edenthorpe Civil parish 4,752 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Edlington Town 8,276 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Fenwick Civil parish 113 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Finningley Civil parish 1,442 Doncaster East Retford
Rural District 		[47]
[40]
Fishlake Civil parish 628 Doncaster Thorne
Rural District 		[48]
[40]
Hampole Civil parish 187 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Hatfield Town 16,184 Doncaster Thorne
Rural District 		[48]
[40]
Hickleton Civil parish 290 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
High Melton Civil parish 339 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Hooton Pagnell Civil parish 211 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Kirk Bramwith Civil parish 200 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Loversall Civil parish 128 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Marr Civil parish 138 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Mexborough Unparished area 14,269 Doncaster Mexborough
Urban District 		[49]
[50]
Moss Civil parish 290 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Norton Civil parish 4,381 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Owston Civil parish 170 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Rossington Civil parish 13,255 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Sprotbrough and Cusworth Civil parish 12,166 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Stainforth Town 6,342 Doncaster Thorne
Rural District 		[48]
[40]
Stainton Civil parish 269 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Sykehouse Civil parish 438 Doncaster Thorne
Rural District 		[48]
[40]
Thorne Town 16,592 Doncaster Thorne
Rural District 		[48]
[40]
Thorpe in Balne Civil parish 176 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Tickhill Town 5,301 Doncaster Tickhill
Urban District 		[51]
[40]
Wadworth Civil parish 1,229 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Warmsworth Civil parish 3,752 Doncaster Doncaster
Rural District 		[39]
[40]
Aston cum Aughton Civil parish 13,961 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Bramley Civil parish 8,194 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Brampton Bierlow Civil parish 3,658 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Brinsworth Civil parish 8,950 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Catcliffe Civil parish 1,766 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Dalton Civil parish 9,038 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Dinnington St John's Town 9,161 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Firbeck Civil parish 317 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Gildingwells Civil parish 115 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Harthill with Woodall Civil parish 1,909 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Hooton Levitt Civil parish 110 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Hooton Roberts Civil parish 181 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Laughton en le Morthen Civil parish 1,185 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Letwell Civil parish 111 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Maltby Town 17,247 Rotherham Maltby
Urban District 		[55]
[53]
North and South Anston Civil parish 9,559 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Orgreave Civil parish 761 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Ravenfield Civil parish 2,018 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Rawmarsh Unparished area 18,720 Rotherham Rawmarsh
Urban District 		[56]
[57]
Rotherham Unparished area 117,262 Rotherham Rotherham
County Borough 		[58]
[59]
Swinton Unparished area 12,848 Rotherham Swinton
Urban District 		[60]
[61]
Thorpe Salvin Civil parish 502 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Thrybergh Civil parish 4,327 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Thurcroft Civil parish 5,296 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Todwick Civil parish 1,637 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Treeton Civil parish 2,514 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Ulley Civil parish 182 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Wales Civil parish 6,455 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Wath upon Dearne Unparished area 14,903 Rotherham Wath upon Dearne
Urban District 		[62]
[63]
Wentworth Civil parish 1,223 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Whiston Civil parish 5,115 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Wickersley Civil parish 7,235 Rotherham Rotherham
Rural District 		[52]
[53]
Woodsetts Civil parish 1,802 Rotherham Kiveton Park
Rural District 		[54]
[53]
Bradfield Civil parish 14,915 Sheffield Wortley
Rural District 		[32]
[64]
Ecclesfield Civil parish 31,609 Sheffield Wortley
Rural District 		[32]
[64]
Sheffield Unparished area 453,047 Sheffield Sheffield
County Borough 		[65]
[66]
Stocksbridge Town 13,663 Sheffield Stocksbridge
Urban District 		[67]
[64]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Angus Winchester, 2000, Discovering Parish Boundaries. Shire Publications. Princes Risborough, 96 pages ISBN 978-0-7478-0470-3
  2. ↑ RAC Foundation : What Went Wrong? British Highway Development Before Motorways Retrieved 2009-08-22
  3. ↑ The Victorian Web : The Poor Law : Introduction Retrieved 2009-08-22
  4. ↑ Staffordshire University : Poor Law Unions and Registration Districts Retrieved 2009-08-22
  5. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Status Details for Rural Sanitary District Retrieved 2009-08-22
  6. ↑ Robert Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns in England, 1998, Oxford University Press, 395 pages, ISBN 978-0-19-820718-4
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Modern British Surnames : Selected Events in the History of Civil Registration and Boundary Changes 1801-1996 Retrieved 2009-08-22
  8. ↑ Alex MacMorran and T R Colquhoun Dill, The Local Government Act 1894 and the Subsequent Statutes Affecting Parish Councils, 1907, Butterworth and Co, London, 626 pages
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Office of Public Sector Information : Local Government Act 1972 Retrieved 2009-08-22
  10. ↑ Office of Public Sector Information : Local Government and Rating Act 1997 Retrieved 2009-08-22
  11. ↑ Office of Public Sector Information : Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 Retrieved 2009-08-22
  12. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Barnsley County Borough Retrieved 2009-08-26
  13. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Ardsley; Athersley; Central; Cudworth (part); Monk Bretton; North West; Park; Royston (part); and South West wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 A Vision of Britain Through Time : Hemsworth Rural District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Barnsley Retrieved 2009-08-26
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 A Vision of Britain Through Time : Penistone Rural District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  17. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Cudworth Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  18. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Cudworth (part) ward. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  19. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Darfield Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  20. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Darfield (part) ward. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  21. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Darton Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  22. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Darton; and Dodworth (part) wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  23. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Dearne Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  24. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Dearne South; and Dearne Thurnscoe wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  25. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Dodworth Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  26. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Dodworth (part) ward. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  27. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Hoyland Nether Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  28. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Hoyland (part); and Hoyland East wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  29. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Penistone Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  30. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Royston Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  31. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Royston (part) ward. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 A Vision of Britain Through Time : Wortley Rural District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  33. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Wombwell Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  34. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Wombwell North; and Wombwell South wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  35. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Worsbrough Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  36. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Hoyland (part); and Worsbrough wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  37. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Adwick le Street Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-28
  38. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Adwick; and Bentley Central (part) wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.9 39.10 39.11 39.12 39.13 39.14 39.15 39.16 39.17 39.18 39.19 39.20 39.21 39.22 39.23 39.24 39.25 39.26 39.27 39.28 39.29 39.30 39.31 39.32 39.33 39.34 39.35 A Vision of Britain Through Time : Doncaster Rural District Retrieved 2009-08-26
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.9 40.10 40.11 40.12 40.13 40.14 40.15 40.16 40.17 40.18 40.19 40.20 40.21 40.22 40.23 40.24 40.25 40.26 40.27 40.28 40.29 40.30 40.31 40.32 40.33 40.34 40.35 40.36 40.37 40.38 40.39 40.40 40.41 40.42 Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Doncaster Retrieved 2009-08-26
  41. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Bentley with Arksey Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-28
  42. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Bentley Central (part); and Bentley North Road wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  43. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Conisbrough Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-28
  44. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Conisbrough; and Southern Parks (part) wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  45. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Doncaster County Borough Retrieved 2009-08-28
  46. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Balby; Bessacarr; Central; Intake; South East (part); Town Field; and Wheatley wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  47. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : East Retford Rural District Retrieved 2009-08-27
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 A Vision of Britain Through Time : Thorne Rural District Retrieved 2009-08-27
  49. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Mexborough Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-28
  50. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Mexborough (part) ward. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  51. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Tickhill Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-28
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.6 52.7 52.8 52.9 52.10 52.11 52.12 52.13 52.14 52.15 52.16 52.17 A Vision of Britain Through Time : Rotherham Rural District Retrieved 2009-08-28
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.7 53.8 53.9 53.10 53.11 53.12 53.13 53.14 53.15 53.16 53.17 53.18 53.19 53.20 53.21 53.22 53.23 53.24 53.25 53.26 53.27 53.28 Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Rotherham Retrieved 2009-08-28
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 54.6 54.7 54.8 54.9 A Vision of Britain Through Time : Kiveton Park Rural District Retrieved 2009-08-28
  55. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Maltby Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-28
  56. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Rawmarsh Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-29
  57. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Rawmarsh East (part); and Rawmarsh West wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  58. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Rotherham County Borough Retrieved 2009-08-29
  59. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Boston; Broom; Central; Greasbrough; Herringthorpe; Kimberworth; Park; and Thorpe Hesley wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  60. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Swinton Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-29
  61. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Rawmarsh East (part); and Swinton wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  62. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Wath upon Dearne Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-29
  63. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Brampton, Melton and Wentworth (part); and Wath wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Sheffield Retrieved 2009-08-29
  65. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Sheffield County Borough Retrieved 2009-08-29
  66. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Beauchief; Birley; Brightside; Broomhill; Burngreave; Castle; Darnall; Dore; Ecclesall; Firth Park; Hallam; Handsworth; Heeley; Hillsborough; Intake; Manor; Mosborough; Nether Edge; Nether Shire; Netherthorpe; Norton; Owlerton; Park; Sharrow; Southey Green; and Walkley wards. Retrieved 2009-08-26
  67. ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Stocksbridge Urban District Retrieved 2009-08-29

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