Chronology of Tamil history
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Pre-historic period
- c. 150,000-100,000 BCE - Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology in north Tamil Nadu.[1]
- c. 30,000 BCE-Paleolithic industries in north Tamil Nadu[2]
- c. 8000-3000 BCE-Pre-pottery microlithic industries[3]
- c. 3000-1000 BCE-Neolithic and fine microlithic industries[4]
Pre-Sangam period
- c. 1000-300 BCE-Megalithic age[5]
- c. 600 BCE-Tamil-dalit prevalent as the Tamil script [6]
- c. 300 BCE- Greek ethnographer Megasthenes visits Pandyan capitol Madurai.,[7][8]
- c. 250 BCE-Asoka's inscription recording the four kingdoms (Chera, Cholas, Pandya and Satyaputra) of the ancient Tamil country
- c. 200 BCE-Elara, a Tamil prince and contemporary of Dutte Gamini, rules Lanka
Sangam age
- c. 200 BCE-200 CE-Sangam age during which books of Sangam Literature are created [9]
- c. 150 BCE-Kharavela of Kalinga records his conquest of a federation of Tamil kings in his Hathigumpha inscription [10]
- c. 13- Greek historian Nicolaus of Damascus met an ambassador sent by Pandyan King to Caesar Augustus, Strabo XV.1-73.[11]
- c. 1-100 - The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a detailed description of early Chera and Pandya kingdom and mentions Tamil country as 'Damirica' [12]
- c. 77 and 140 Greco-Roman writers Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy mention Madurai ruled by Pandyan.
- c. 130- Chera king Udayanjeral rules in the Chera country
- c. 175-195-Gajabahu I of Lanka a contemporary of Chera Senguttuvan and Karikala Chola (the Gajabahu synchronism)
- c. 190- Chera Kadukko Ilanjeral Irumporai rules in the Chera country [13]
- c. 200-Writing becomes widespread and vattezuttu evolved from the Tamil Brahmi becomes a mature script for writing Tamil [14]
- c. 210- Pandya Neduncheliyan rules in Madurai and defeats his enemies at the battle of Talaiyalanganam
Post-Sangam period
- c. 300-590-Kalabhras invade the Tamil country and displace the traditional rulers
- c. 300-500-Post-Sangam period, Tamil epics such as Silappatikaram written
Pallava and Pandya
- c. 560-580-Pallava Simhavishnu overthrows the Kalabhras in Tondaimandalam
- c. 560-590-Pandya Kadungon rules from Madurai and displaces the Kalabhras from the south
- c. 590-630-Pallava Mahendravarman I rules in Kanchipuram
- c. 610-Saiva saint Thirunavukkarasar (Appar) converts Mahendravarman from Jainism
- c. 628-Chalukya Pulakesi II invades the Pallava kingdom and lays siege on Kanchipuram
- c. 630-668 Pallava Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) rules in Tondaimandalam
- c. 642-Pallava Narasimhavarman I launches a counter invasion into the Chalukya country and sacks Vatapi. Pulakesi is killed in battle
- c. 670-700 CE-Pandya Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman rules in Madurai
- c. 700-728-Pallava Rajasimha builds the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram and many of the shore temples in Mamallapuram
- c. 710-730-Pandya king Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran expands the Pandya kingdom into the Kongu country
- c. 731-Succession crisis in the Pallava kingdom. Council of ministers select Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla) (731-796) as the Pallava king
- c. 731-765-Pandya Maravarman Rajasimha aligns with the Chalukya Vikramaditya II and attacks the Pallava king Nandivarmam
- c. 735-Chaluka Vikramaditya II invades the Pallava country and occupies the capital Kanchipuram
- c. 760-Pallava Nandivarman II invades and defeats the Ganga kingdom at the battle of Villande
- c. 768-815-Pandya Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan (Varaguna Pandyan) rules in Madurai[15]
- c. 767-Pandya forces defeat the Pallavas on the south banks of the Kaveri
- c. 800-830-Varagunan I becomes Pandya king and extends his empire up to Tiruchirapalli by defeating the Pallava king Dandivarman
- c. 830-862-Pandya Sirmara Srivallabha rules in Madurai
- c. 840-Srimara invades Lanka and captures the northern provinces of the Lanka king Sena I[16]
- c. 848 -Rise of Vijayalaya Chola in Tanjavur after defeating the Muttaraiyar[17]Muthuraja rulers of kaveri delta
- c. 846-869-Pallava Nadivarman III leads an invasion against the Pandya kingdom and defeats the Pandyas at the battle of Tellaru. Pallava kingdom extends up to the river Vaigai
- c. 859-Pandya Srivallaba defeats the Pallavas at a battle at Kumbakonam
- c. 862-Sinhala forces under Sena II invade the Pandya country and sack Madurai. Srimara is killed in battle
Chola period
- c. 903 -Audithya Chola defeats the Pallava king Aparajita [18]
- c. 949 -Battle of Takkolam. Rashtrakuta Krishna III defeats the Chola army [18]
- c. 985 -Accession of Rajaraja Chola I [18]
- c. 1010 -Rajaraja completes the Brihadisvara Temple
- c. 1012 -Accession of Rajendra Chola I [18]
- c. 1023 -Rajendra's Expedition to the Ganges [19]
- c. 1025 -Chola navies defeat the king of Srivijaya [20]
- c. 1041 -Rajendra invades Lanka [21]
- c. 1054 -Rajadhiraja Chola dies in the battle of Koppam against Western Chalukyas [20]
- c. 1070 -Accession of Kulothunga Chola I [20]
- c. 1118 -Vikrama Chola [20]
- c. 1133 -Kulothunga Chola II [20]
- c. 1146 -Rajaraja Chola II [20]
- c. 1163 -Rajadhiraja Chola II [20]
- c. 1178 -Kulothunga Chola III [20]
- c. 1216 -Rajaraja Chola III [20]
- c. 1246 -Rajendra Chola III [20]
Chola to Pandya transition
- c. 1190-1260 - Bana Dynasty rule Magadaimandalam with family title of 'ponparappinan' and headquarters at Aragalur [20]
- c. 1216 - 1238 - Kadava Dynasty Maravarman Sundara Pandyan ruled regions of South India[22]
Pandiya revival and Muslim rule
- 1251 -Accession of Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I[23]
- 1279 -End of the Chola dynasty with the death of Rajendra Chola III[20]
- 1268-1310 - Kulasekara Pandiyan rules in Madurai[23]
- 1308 -Malik Kafur a general of Allaudin Khilji invades Devagiri en route to Tamil Nadu[24]
- 1310 -Sundara Pandian, son of Kulasekara Pandiyan, kills his father and becomes king. In the ensuing civil war he is defeated by his brother Vira Pandiyan.[25]
- 1311 -Malik Kafur, invades Pandiya country and attacks Madurai[24]
- 1327-1370 Madurai under the rule of Madurai Sultanate[24]
Vijayanagar and Nayak period
- 1370 - Bukka, the Vijayanagara ruler and his son Kumara Kamapna capture the entire Tamil country
- 1518 -Portuguese land on the Coromandel Coast in Pulicat[26]
- 1532-1580 -Sevappa Nayak rules as the first independent Nayak ruler in Tanjavur
- 1600-1645 -Ragunatha Nayak, the greatest of the Tanjavur Nayaks
- 1609 -the Dutch establish a settlement in Pulicat
- 1623-1659 -Tirumalai Nayak rules in Madurai
- 1639 British East India Company purchases Chennapatinam and establishes Fort St. George
- c. 1652 -Tanjavur and Gingee fall to the Bijapur Sultan
- 1656 -Mysore army invades Salem against the Madurai Nayak Tirumalai
- 1676 -Maratha army from Bijapur marches into Tanjavur, Ekoji declares himself king[27]
- 1692 Nawab of Arcot established by Nawab Zulfiqar Ali Khan, a viceroy of the Moghul Emperor
- 1746 La Bourdonnais of the French East India company attacks and takes Fort St. George
East India Company
- 1749 British regain Fort St. George through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle arising out of the War of the Austrian Succession
- 1751 Robert Clive attacks Arcot and captures it.[28]
- 1756 The British and the French sign the first Carnatic treaty. Mahommed Ali Walajah was recognized as Nawab of the Carnatic
- 1759 French under Thomas Arthur, Comte de Lally, attack Madras
- 1760 Battle of Vandavasi between the British and the French. Birth of Veerapandya Kattabomman
- 1767 Hyder Ali, Sultan of Mysore attacks Madras against British, but defeated by the British at the Battle of Chengam
- 1773 -British Government passes the Regulating Act. The administration of Madras comes under British Government review
- 1777-1832 - Serfoji II rules in Tanjavur
- 1799 -Serfoji cedes the Tanjavur kingdom to the British. Kattabomman executed by British
- 1803 -Bentinck appointed governor of Madras
- 1800-1805 Poligar Wars
- 1806 -Vellore Mutiny East India Company's Indian soldiers in Vellore mutiny against governor Bentinck in Vellore fort. 114 British officers killed and 19 mutineers executed.
British rule
- 1892 – British government passes the Indian Councils Act
- 1909 - 'Minto-Morley Reforms'. Madras Legislative Council formed
- 1921 - First regional elections held in Madras. Justice party forms government[29]
- 1927 - Madras Congress passes a resolution for 'Full Independence'
- 1928 - Simon Commission visits Madras. Mass protests result in several deaths
- 1937 - Congress party under C. Rajagopalachari wins provincial elections and forms government in Madras
- 1938 - Periyar E. V. Ramasamy organises a separatist agitation demanding Dravida Nadu consisting of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala
- 1941 - Indian Muslim League holds its congress in Madras. Muhammad Ali Jinnah delivers keynote speech
- 1944 - Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and C. N. Annadurai organise Dravidar Kazhagam
Post independence period
- 1947 -Madras Presidency, comprising Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka established
- 1953 -Madras state comes into being along linguistic lines
- 1965 -Widespread agitations in response to the Federal Government's directive of Hindi being the National Language
- 1968 -Madras state is renamed as Tamil Nadu (Country of the Tamils)[30]
See also
References
- ↑ Pappu, Shanni et al. "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India". Science Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ↑ "Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India" (297). Antiquity journal. September 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ↑ "Evidence of pre-historic humans in Thanjavur". The Hindu (Thanjavur, India). 10 May 2009.
- ↑ "Bedrock on which Neolithic man sharpened stone tools found in T.N.". The Hindu (India). 3 April 2013.
- ↑ "Kanchi district, gold mine of megalithic sites". IBN Live (Tamilnadu, India). 14 March 2012.
- ↑ Coningham, R.A.E.; Allchin, F.R.; Batt, C.M., (1996). "Passage to India: Anuradhapura and the early use of Brahmi Script". Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6:2: 73–97.
- ↑ Allan Dahlaquist. Megasthenes and Indian Religion
- ↑ Keay, John (2000) [2001]. India: A history. India: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
- ↑ Singh, Upinder (2009). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India 1st Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. ISBN 8131716775.
- ↑ "Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga" (PDF). Project South Asia. South Dakota State University. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ↑ Strabo XV.1
- ↑ Schoff (tr. & ed.), W.H. "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century (London, Bombay & Calcutta 1912)". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ↑ Zvelebil, Kamil Veith (1991). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9004093656.
- ↑ Coningham (), Robin et al. "Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) Project, Phase I: ASW2". Arts and Humanities Research Council. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ↑ "Preserving the past". The Hindu (India). 3 February 2010.
- ↑ "Sinhala king and South Indian invasions". Daily News (SriLanka). 20 October 2009.
- ↑ "Chapter 1-4.pmd" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Kulke and Rothermund (2010). A History of India. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 9780415485432.
- ↑ Majumdar, R.C. (1934). Ancient Indian Colonies In The Far East. Dacca: Asoke Humar Majumdar Ramna. p. 407.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 20.10 20.11 Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2005). A History of South India. New Age International Limited (P). p. 158.
- ↑ Meyer, Holger (1999). Umsatzsteuer - Binnenmarkt. Berlin: Boorberg. p. 73. ISBN 978-3415026131.
- ↑ Sethuraman, N (1980). Medieval Pandyas, A.D. 1000-1200. University of Michigan.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Thinakaran, Alice Justina (15 May 2007). The Second Pandyan Empire, A.D. 1190-1312. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 225.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–223.
- ↑ Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 97.
- ↑ "Portuguese on the Coromandel". The Hindu (India). 17 May 2004.
- ↑ "Historical Moments". Thanjavur Municipality, Tamilnadu state Government. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
- ↑ "Excerpts from a Sergeant's Diary recounting Robert Clive's capture of Arcot, September-October 1751". Project South Asia. South Dakota State University, USA. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ↑ "A history of agitational politics". Frontline (India). 10 April 2004.
- ↑ "Tamil Nadu Secretariat - Brief History". Tamilnadu State government, India. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
- Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. A History of South India, OUP, Reprinted 2000
- Nilakanta Sastri, K.A., Srinivasachari, Advanced History of India, Allied Publishers Ltd, New Delhi, Reprinted 2000
- Read, Anthony, The Proudest Day - India's Long Ride to Independence, Jonathan Cape, London, 1997
External links
- Tamil Sentiment. Tamil shrines, Tamil culture, the history of Tamils, by Kavi Yogi Dr. Shuddhananda Bharati
- Historical Atlas of South India-Timeline-http://www.ifpindia.org/Historical-Atlas-of-South-India-Timeline.html (French Institute of Pondicherry)
- Codrington, Humphry William, A Short History of Lanka <http://lakdiva.org>
- Veluppillai, Prof. A., Religious Traditions of the Tamils http://tamilelibrary.org/