Chemical modification

Chemically modified electrodes

Chemically modified electrodes are electrodes that have their surfaces chemically modified to change the electrode's physical, chemical, electrochemical, optical, electrical, and transport properties. These electrodes are used for advanced purposes in research and investigation.^[1]

Chemical modification in biochemistry

In biochemistry, chemical modification is the technique of chemically reacting a protein or nucleic acid with chemical reagents. Chemical modification can have several goals, such as

to identify which parts of the molecule are exposed to solvent ("foot printing");
to determine which residues are important for a particular phenotype, e.g., which residues are important for an enzymatic activity;
to introduce new groups into a macromolecule; and
to crosslink macromolecules intra- and intermolecularly.

Chemical modification of protein side chains

Iodoacetamide
Iodoacetic acid
PEGylation
BisSulfosuccinimidyl suberate
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
N-Ethylmaleimide
Methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS)
MTSL

Chemical modification of nucleic acids

Protein structural analysis

High resolution	Cryo-electron microscopy X-ray crystallography NMR Electron crystallography EPR

Medium resolution	Fiber diffraction Mass spectrometry SAXS

Spectroscopic	NMR Circular dichroism Dual Polarisation Interferometry Absorbance Fluorescence Fluorescence anisotropy

Translational Diffusion	Analytical ultracentrifugation Size exclusion chromatography Light scattering NMR

Rotational Diffusion	Fluorescence anisotropy Flow birefringence Dielectric relaxation NMR

Chemical	Hydrogen-deuterium exchange Site-directed mutagenesis Chemical modification

Thermodynamic	Equilibrium unfolding

Computational	Protein structure prediction Molecular docking

←Tertiary structure Quaternary structure→

References

↑ Durst, R., Baumner, A., Murray, R., Buck, R., & Andrieux, C., "Chemically modified electrodes: Recommended terminology and definitions (PDF)", IUPAC, 1997, pp 1317–1323.