Charolais horse

Charolais
Distinguishing features Small, robust breed of multi-purpose horse
Alternative names Charollais
Country of origin Charolles, France
Status extinct
Equus ferus caballus

The Charolais or Charollais is an extinct breed of warmblood horse from the Charolais region of France surrounding the town of Charolles, now in the Saône-et-Loire department of Burgundy, in eastern central France. Like other French warmbloods, it was the result of crossing local agricultural horses with the Thoroughbred, and was known by the name of the region in which it was bred. The Charolais never had a breed-specific studbook. The Charolais and other French warmblood breeds were fused in 1958 in order to create the national warmblood studbook for a unified breed, the Selle Français. It was originally used as a multi-purpose horse for riding, driving and agriculture. During the late 19th century, additional Thoroughbred blood was added and a new type emerged that was principally used as a light cavalry mount. It was also used for dressage and show jumping.

Characteristics

The Charolais breed was small, and most closely physically resembled the Morvan horse, another now-extinct French type.[1] The breed had a short head with small ears and a short, strong neck attached low on the shoulder. The body was short and rounded, with a broad croup and strong legs.[2] They were generally considered to be small and inelegant.[3] They were strong, robust and hardy, the last of these traits especially so before the breeding changes of the 19th century,[1][2] and were known for their pulling power.[3]

The Charolais was appreciated for its gaits and endurance.[2] It was known for its ability as a cavalry horse,[1] and in 1933 was called a perfect war horse.[4] It was also used for dressage and show jumping,[5] and members of the breed competed in international events in these sports.[6] It was considered to be a better galloper than the Anglo-Norman horse, another French breed.[7]

History

The original landrace ancestors of the Charolais include the Cheval Bourguignon (Burgundy Horse), which developed from horses bred in the Burgundy region in the Middle Ages.[8] Although small, Burgandy horses were known for their endurance and robustness. They were used for riding and agriculture, and as coach horses.[9] This type, combined with other blood, developed into the Charolais, which belonged to a group of French breeds called demi-sang or "half-bloods"—crosses between native breeds and Thoroughbreds.[10] Some 19th and early 20th century sources claim that Arabian blood was also added from horses captured from the Saracens after the Battle of Poitiers.[3][11]

Until the mid-20th century, the Charolais and other demi-sang breeds, such as the Angevin, the Charentais, the Cheval Limousin and the Vendéen, were generally known by the name of the region in which they existed, and did not have individual breed studbooks.[10] As these horses were not separated by breed type, but instead by geography, there were no significant physical characteristics that distinguished the Charolais from other demi-sang types that developed prior to the mid-19th century.[12] Charolais horses were primarily raised in what is now the Saône-et-Loire department. The areas of Cluny, Charolles, Blanzy, Paray-le-Monial and Digoin were preferred for breeding, due to the clay-limestone soils that favored the development of the equine skeletal structure.[13]

Multi-purpose types like the Charolais and the Morvan were slowly supplanted in farmers' favor by draft horses.[14] The Nivernais breed,[1] in particular, was preferred by farmers and threatened the existence of the Charolais.[3] Thus, the original small multi-purpose strain of Charolais gave way to a type of small draft horse that was next crossed with purebred and crossbred Thoroughbreds until, by 1850, it had become a horse for cavalry purposes.[15] It was thought by some enthusiasts, however, that this outcrossing reduced the quality of the breed,[3] and many missed the old-style Charolais, which had disappeared due to a lack of demand and use.[16] However, others thought that the outcrossings had benefited the Charolais breed:[2] in 1919, one author stated that the breeding of the Charolais type was in excellent condition,[5] and a report from the time stated that the favorite horse of King Albert I of Belgium was a Charolais named Titanic.[17]

Like many other French saddle horse types, in 1958 the Charolais was part of a reorganization of French horse breeding. Multiple demi-sang types, including the Charolais, were merged to create a new national breed called the Selle Français, or French Saddle Horse.[10] The Selle Français has been called "one of the finest sport horses today", and is seen in international competition in show jumping, as well being used for events such as dressage, three-day eventing and racing.[18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Moll, Louis and Gayot, Eugène Nicolas (1861). La connaissance générale du cheval: études de zootechnie pratique, avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures (in French). Didot. p. 655.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lecoq, Felix (1850). Dictionnaire général de médecine et de chirurgie vétérinaires, et des sciences qui s'y rattachent : Anatomie, Physiologie, Pathologie, Chirurgie, ... (in French). Masson. p. 246.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Académie de Mâcon. Société des Arts, Sciences, Belles-lettres et Agriculture de Saône-et-Loire (1841). Compte-rendu des travaux ... (in French). p. 31.
  4. ↑ Académie de Mâcon. Société des arts, sciences, belles-lettres, et agriculture de Saône-et-Loire (1933). Annales de l'Académie de Mâcon (in French). L'Académie. p. 499.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Journal d'agriculture pratique (in French) 83. 1919. p. 583.
  6. ↑ Les succès des chevaux charolais: Leurs vitrines en épreuves internationales (in French). Mâcon: Imprimerie générale X. Perroux et Fils. 1929.
  7. ↑ Journal d'agriculture pratique 86. 1922. p. 369.
  8. ↑ Paul Delsalle and Laurence Delobette (2003). La Franche-Comté à la charnière du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance, 1450-1550: Actes du colloque de Besançon, 10-11 octobre 2002 (in French). Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. p. 172. ISBN 2848670274.
  9. ↑ Collective (2002). Chevaux et poneys (in French). Éditions Artemis. p. 108. ISBN 9782844160256.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Chevaux et poneys (in French). Éditions Artemis. 2002. p. 63. ISBN 9782844160256.
  11. ↑ Le cheval: Revue des agriculteurs de France (in French). 1935. p. 20.
  12. ↑ Magne, Jean Henri (1857). Hygiène vétérinaire appliquée étude de nos races d'animaux domestiques et des moyens de les améliorer (in French) 1. Labe. p. 287.
  13. ↑ de Croix, Jean (1905). "Notes agricoles sur le Charolais: thèse agricole soutenue en 1905 à l'Institut agricole de Beauvais devant MM. les délégués de la Société des agriculteurs de France". L'élevage du cheval de demi-sang dans le charolais (in French). Impr. départementale de l'Oise. p. 53.
  14. ↑ Joigneaux, Pierre (1863). Le livre de la ferme et des maisons de campagne (in French) 1. V. Masson et fils. p. 534.
  15. ↑ Vallon, Alexandre-Bernard (1863). Cours d'hippologie à l'usage de MM. les officiers de l'armée... (in French) 2. Javaud.
  16. ↑ de Lyon, École (1858). Journal de Médecine Vétérinaire 14. p. 269.
  17. ↑ Société des agriculteurs de France (1936). Revue des agriculteurs de France (in French) 68. p. 407.
  18. ↑ "Selle Francais". International Museum of the Horse. Retrieved 2012-07-20.

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