Chance for Peace speech

The Chance for Peace speech was an address given by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower on April 16, 1953, shortly after the death of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. Speaking only three months into his presidency, Eisenhower likened arms spending to stealing from the people, and evoked William Jennings Bryan in describing "humanity hanging from a cross of iron." Although Eisenhower, a former military man, spoke against increased military spending, the Cold War deepened during his administration and political pressures for increased military spending mounted. By the time he left office in 1961, he felt it necessary to warn of the military-industrial complex. Eisenhower's sincerity and intentions in giving the speech have been debated.

Background

Eisenhower took office in January 1953, with the Korean War winding down. The Soviet Union had detonated an atomic bomb, and appeared to reach approximate military parity with the United States.[1] Political pressures for a more aggressive stance toward the Soviet Union mounted, and calls for increased military spending did as well. Joseph Stalin's demise on March 5, 1953, briefly left a power vacuum in the Soviet Union and offered a chance for rapprochement with the new regime, as well as an opportunity to decrease military spending.[2]

The speech

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The speech was addressed to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, in Washington D.C., on April 16, 1953. Eisenhower took an opportunity to highlight the cost of continued tensions and rivalry with the Soviet Union.[3] While addressed to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, the speech was broadcast nationwide, through use of television and radio, from the Statler Hotel.[4] He noted that not only were there military dangers (as had been demonstrated by the Korean War), but an arms race would place a huge domestic burden on both nations (see guns and butter):

Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed.
This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. The cost of one modern heavy bomber is this: a modern brick school in more than 30 cities. It is two electric power plants, each serving a town of 60,000 population. It is two fine, fully equipped hospitals. It is some fifty miles of concrete pavement. We pay for a single fighter with a half-million bushels of wheat. We pay for a single destroyer with new homes that could have housed more than 8,000 people. . . . This is not a way of life at all, in any true sense. Under the cloud of threatening war, it is humanity hanging from a cross of iron.[1][5]

Legacy

Eisenhower's "humanity hanging from a cross of iron" evoked William Jennings Bryan's Cross of Gold speech. As a result, "The Chance for Peace speech", colloquially, became known as the "Cross of Iron speech" and was seen by many as contrasting the Soviet Union’s view of the post-World War II world, with the United States' cooperation and national reunion view.[6]

Despite Eisenhower's hopes as expressed in the speech, the Cold War deepened during his time in office.[7] His farewell address was "a bookend" to his Chance for Peace speech.[1][8] In that speech, he implored Americans to think to the future and "not to become the insolvent phantom of tomorrow",[9] but the large peacetime military budgets that became established during his administration have continued for half a century.[10]

Historians have debated whether the speech given by Eisenhower was sincere in aiming to end the Cold War or whether it was merely a propaganda ploy.[11] The Cold War did not end once the speech was delivered, but continued for decades.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Susan Eisenhower, "50 Years Later, We're Still Ignoring Ike's Warning", The Washington Post, January 16, 2011, p. B3.
  2. ↑ See Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-2002. McGraw-Hill, 2002, pp. 194-197. ISBN 0-07-284903-7.
  3. ↑ "Eisenhower on the Opportunity Cost of Defense Spending", Harper's Magazine, November 12, 2007.
  4. ↑ Peters, Gerhard. "Dwight D. Eisenhower: 50 - Address "The Chance for Peace". The American Presidency Project. Gerhard Peters - The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 8 Oct 2013.
  5. ↑ Social Justice Speeches, The Chance for Peace.
  6. ↑ "Chance for Peace (April 16, 1953)". Miller Center. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. Retrieved 8 Oct 2013.
  7. ↑ See Cold War (1953–1962) and references cited therein.
  8. ↑ Samantha Kenner, "Panel Examines Ike's Landmark Speeches 50 Years Later", KSAL News, April 13, 2011.
  9. ↑ Bill Buzenberg, "A Half Century Later, Another Warning in Eisenhower Address Rings True", The Center for Public Integrity, January 17, 2011.
  10. ↑ Joël Krieger and Margaret E. Crahan, The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World, 2nd ed. 2001, p. 548.
  11. ↑ Higgs, Robert. "A Chance for Peace, 1953". The Beacon. The Independent Institute. Retrieved 8 Oct 2013.

External links