Centrosaurus

Centrosaurus Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 76.5–75.5Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Skull ROM 767 from Dinosaur Provincial Park
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Order:	†Ornithischia
Family:	†Ceratopsidae
Subfamily:	†Centrosaurinae
Genus:	†Centrosaurus
Type species
†Centrosaurus apertus Lambe, 1904
Species
C. apertus Lambe, 1904

Centrosaurus (/ˌsɛntrɵˈsɔrəs/ SEN-tro-SAWR-əs) is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaurs from the late Cretaceous of Canada. Their remains have been found in the Dinosaur Park Formation, dating from 76.5 to 75.5 million years ago.^[1]

The name Centrosaurus means "pointed lizard" (from Greek kentron, κέντρον, "point or prickle" and sauros, σαῦρος, "lizard"), and refers to the series of small hornlets placed along the margin of their frills, not to the nasal horns (which were unknown when the dinosaur was named). The genus is not to be confused with the stegosaur Kentrosaurus, the name of which is derived from the same Greek word.

Description

Life restoration

The massive bodies of Centrosaurus were borne by stocky limbs, although at up to 20 ft (6m) they were not particularly large dinosaurs. Like other centrosaurines, Centrosaurus bore single large horns over their noses.^[2] These horns curved forwards or backwards depending on the specimen. Skull ornamentation was reduced as animals aged.^[3]

Centrosaurus is distinguished by having two large hornlets which hook forwards over the frill. A pair of small upwards directed horns is also found over the eyes. The frills of Centrosaurus were moderately long, with fairly large fenestrae and small hornlets along the outer edges.^[2]

Discovery

The first Centrosaurus remains were discovered by paleontologist Lawrence Lambe in strata along the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada. Later, vast bonebeds of Centrosaurus were found in Dinosaur Provincial Park, also in Alberta. Some of these beds extend for hundreds of meters and contain thousands of individuals of all ages and all levels of completion. Scientists have speculated that the high density and number of individuals would be explained if they had perished while trying to cross a flooded river.^[2] A discovery of thousands of Centrosaurus fossils near the town of Hilda, Alberta, is believed to be the largest bed of dinosaur bones ever discovered. The area is now known as the Hilda mega-bonebed^[4]

The species C. brinkmani, which was described in 2005, was moved to the new genus Coronosaurus in 2012.^[5]

Classification

Cast of AMNH 5427, Museum of Victoria

The genus Centrosaurus gives its name to the Centrosaurinae subfamily. These were large North American horned dinosaurs characterized by their "prominent nasal horns, subordinate brow horns, short squamosals in a short frill, a tall, deep face relative to the chasmosaurines, and a projection into the rear of the nasal fenestra."^[6] Its closest relatives appear to be Styracosaurus and Monoclonius. It so closely resembles the latter of these that some paleontologists have considered them to represent the same animal.^[2]

Other members of the Centrosaurinae clade include Pachyrhinosaurus,^[7][8] Avaceratops,^[7] Einiosaurus,^[8][9] Albertaceratops,^[9] Achelousaurus,^[8] and possibly Brachyceratops,^[10] although Brachyceratops is dubious. Because of the variation between species and even individual specimens of centrosaurines, there has been much debate over which genera and species are valid, particularly whether Centrosaurus and/or Monoclonius are valid genera, undiagnosable, or possibly members of the opposite sex. In 1996, Peter Dodson found enough variation between Centrosaurus, Styracosaurus, and Monoclonius to warrant separate genera, and that Styracosaurus resembled Centrosaurus more closely than either resembled Monoclonius. Dodson also believed one species of Monoclonius, M. nasicornis, may actually have been a female Styracosaurus.^[11] His assessments have been partially followed, with other researchers not accepting Monoclonius nasicornis as a female Styracosaurus, or Monoclonius as a valid genus.^[12] While sexual dimorphism has been proposed for an earlier ceratopsian, Protoceratops,^[13] there is no firm evidence for sexual dimorphism in any ceratopsid.^[14][15][16]

Complete skulls arranged in ontogenetic order

This cladogram follows the phylogenetic analysis performed by Sampson et al. (2013). As is the case above, clade names within Centrosaurinae follow Fiorillo & Tykoski (2012).^[17]

Palaeobiology

Life restoration of two fighting specimens

Like other ceratopsids, the jaws of Centrosaurus were adapted to shear through tough plant material. The discovery of gigantic bone beds of Centrosaurus in Canada suggest that they were gregarious animals and could have traveled in large herds.^[2] A bone bed composed of Centrosaurus and Styracosaurus remains is known from the Dinosaur Park Formation in what is now Alberta.^[18] The mass deaths may have been caused by otherwise non-herding animals gathering around a waterhole during a drought.^[19] Centrosaurus is found lower in the formation than Styracosaurus, indicating that Centrosaurus was displaced by Styracosaurus as the environment changed over time.^[12]

Skin impression of AMNH 5427

The large frills and nasal horns of the ceratopsians are among the most distinctive facial adornments of all dinosaurs. Their function has been the subject of debate since the first horned dinosaurs were discovered. Common theories concerning the function of ceratopsian frills and horns include defense from predators, combat within the species, and visual display. A 2009 study of Triceratops and Centrosaurus skull lesions found that bone injuries on the skulls were more likely caused by intraspecific combat (horn-to-horn combat) rather than predatory attacks. The frills of Centrosaurus were too thin to be used for defense against predators, although the thicker, solid frills of Triceratops might have evolved to protect their necks. The frills of Centrosaurus were most likely used "for species recognition and/or other forms of visual display".^[20]

Paleobiogeography

Thomas M. Lehman has observed that Centrosaurus fossils haven't been found outside of southern Alberta even though they are among the most abundant Judithian dinosaurs in the region.^[21] Large herbivores like the ceratopsians living in North America during the Late Cretaceous had "remarkably small geographic ranges" despite their large body size and high mobility.^[21] This restricted distribution strongly contrasts with modern mammalian faunas whose large herbivores' ranges "typical[ly] ... span much of a continent."^[21]

References

External links

Wikispecies has information related to: Centrosaurus

• Centrosaurus, from the Dinosaur Encyclopaedia at Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne