Cataracts of the Nile

The six cataracts of the Nile
Fourth Cataract
Sixth Cataract

The cataracts of the Nile are shallow lengths (or white water rapids) of the Nile River, between Aswan and Khartoum, where the surface of the water is broken by many small boulders and stones protruding out of the river bed, as well as many rocky islets. In some places, these stretches are punctuated by whitewater and are perhaps well characterized as rapids, while at others the water flow is smoother, but still shallow.


Nîga

The 6 cataracts

Counted going upstream (from north to south), the First Cataract is in present day Egypt; and the Second through Sixth Cataracts are in Sudan.

Characteristics

The word cataract is a Greek word literally meaning "down-rushing", "rapids", "floodgate" or "waterfall". However, none of the Nile's six primary cataracts could be accurately described as waterfalls, and given a broader definition, this is the same with many of the minor cataracts. Geologists indicate that the region of the northern Sudan is tectonically active and this activity has caused the river to take on "youthful" characteristics.[1] The Nubian Swell has diverted the river's course to the west, while keeping its depth shallow and causing the formation of the cataracts. Even as the river bed is worn down by erosion, the land mass is lifted, keeping parts of the river bed exposed. These distinctive features of the river between Aswan and Khartoum have led to the stretch being often referred to as the Cataract Nile, while the downstream portion is occasionally referred to as the "Egyptian" Nile. The geological distinction between these two portions of the river is considerable. North of Aswan, the river bed is not rocky, but is instead composed of sediment, and far from being a shallow river, it is believed[2] that the bedrock was previously eroded to be several thousand feet deep. This created a vast canyon that is now filled by the sediment, some of which originated from the Mediterranean. For more information, see the Eonile as well as the Messinian salinity crisis.

Despite these characteristics, some of the cataracts which are normally impassable by boat because of the shallow water have become navigable during the flood season.

In ancient times, Upper Egypt extended from south of the Nile Delta to the first cataract, while further upstream, the land was controlled by the ancient Kingdom of Kush that would later take over Egypt from 760 to 656 BC.[3]

The six primary cataracts of the Nile are described extensively by European visitors, notably by Winston Churchill in The River War (1899), where he recounts the exploits of the British trying to return to Sudan between 1896 and 1898, after they were forced to leave in 1885.

Notes

  1. ↑ Thurmond, A.K., et al. (2004). The Nubian Swell, The Journal of African Earth Sciences 39 pp. 401-407. (accessed 21 October 2006)
  2. ↑ Warren, John (2006). Evaporites:Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons. Berlin: Springer. p. 352. ISBN 3-540-26011-0.
  3. ↑ "Cataracts of the Nile". Fummo.com. Retrieved 17 February 2014. from archive.org

External links

Cataract photos links:
  1. First Cataract
  2. Second Cataract & Second Cataract
  3. Third Cataract & Third Cataract & Third Cataract
  4. Fifth Cataract