Catalan verbs

Catalan language
Overview
Pronunciation Orthography Alphabet Braille History Old Catalan Phonological history Catalan countries
Dialects
Alguerese Balearic Central Northern Valencian Northwestern
Grammar
Nouns Personal pronouns Verbs conjugation
Organizations
IEC AVL IRL FRL

This article discusses the conjugation of verbs in a number of varieties of the Catalan language, including Old Catalan. Each verbal form is accompanied by its phonetic transcription. Widely used dialectal forms are included here, even if they are not considered standard in either of the norms for written Catalan language, the one by Institut d'Estudis Catalans, mostly based on central Catalan, and the one by Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, mostly based on common Valencian. (Other dialectal forms do exist, among them characteristic forms of minor extreme dialects like Ribagorçan or Algherese, or transitional forms between major dialects, like the ones used in the lower Ebre basin area around Tortosa or in the Empordà).

The Catalan verbal system in context

The Catalan verbal system has grammatical categories quite alike its neighbouring Romance languages (Spanish, Occitan, French, Italian).

The formal similarities with Occitan are most noticeable. There is a visible divergence between Catalan and Occitan in the Catalan endings for all second person plural, in -au, -eu, -iu, instead of Occitan ones: -atz, -etz, -itz. There are remarkable coincidences with Occitan in the evolution of new paradigms formed on the inchoative augment for the verbs with infinitives in -ir, or on the velar augment in the verbs with infinitives in -er or -re.

The most particular feature of Catalan is the so-called periphrastic preterite for remote past, which is constructed with characteristic forms of present of the verb anar (to go) and the infinitive of the conjugated verb (e.g. vaig parlar, vas parlar, va parlar, vam parlar, vau parlar, van parlar). This tense is quite unique among Romance languages, only shared with some Gascon and Aragonese (Benasque, Gistaín) dialects, and it seems to have existed in Catalan at least since the 13th century.

In contemporary Catalan simple preterite indicative (the synthetic one descending from the Latin perfect tense) is used mostly in written form and it has been almost replaced by the periphrastic preterite in regular speech, although simple preterite indicative is still used in some dialects, as central Valencian and Catalan of Ibiza.

Another difference between contemporary Catalan and Medieval Catalan is the revamping of simple preterite indicative desinences from the etymological ones, to a new pattern based by analogy on the 3rd person plural, that is: from medieval desinences as -é,-ast,-à,-am,-às,-aren to modern ones as -í,-ares,-à,-àrem,-àreu,-aren. This change took place some time between 13th and 15th centuries.

Modern Valencian has subjunctive simple preterite desinences -ara,-ares,-ara,-àrem,-àreu,-aren (from the Latin subjunctive imperfect preterite) instead of the Medieval ones -às,-asses,-às,-àssem,-àsseu,-assen (from the Latin subjunctive perfect preterite), that have originated for example -és,-essis,-és,-éssim,-éssiu,-essin in modern central Catalan.

A synopsis of contemporary Catalan verbal system

Finite forms

These tables below summarise part of the inflected forms:

Finite forms of Catalan verbs are divided among imperfective and perfective tenses.

Regular Catalan verbs have these range of simple imperfective tenses:

• Simple present (present d'indicatiu), e.g. parlo ("I speak, I'm speaking")
• Imperfect preterite (pretèrit imperfet d'indicatiu), e.g. parlava ("I spoke, I was speaking")
• Simple future (futur simple), e.g. parlaré ("I will speak, I will be speaking")
• Simple conditional ('condicional simple), e.g. parlaria ("I would speak, I would be speaking")
• Subjunctive simple present (present de subjuntiu), e.g. parli ("that I speak, me to speak")
• Subjunctive simple preterite (pretèrit imperfet de subjuntiu), e.g. parlés ("that I spoke")

Subjunctive tenses usually imply syntactic dependence of a subordinate clause, and might mean diverse degrees on uncertainty or supposition by the speaker.

Regular Catalan verbs have this range of compound perfective tenses (formed with the auxiliary verb haver and the past participle of the conjugated verb) to be paired with the ones above:

• Indefinite preterite (pretèrit indefinit) (recent past, analogous to English present perfect), e.g. he parlat ("I have spoken")
• Plusquamperfect (pretèrit plusquamperfet d'indicatiu) (analogous to English past perfect), e.g. havia parlat ("I had spoken")
• Future perfect (futur compost), e.g. hauré parlat ("I will have spoken")
• Past conditional (condicional compost), e.g. hauria parlat ("I would have spoken")
• Subjunctive preterite perfect (pretèrit perfet de subjuntiu), e.g. hagi parlat ("that I have spoken, me to have spoken")
• Subjunctive plusquamperfect (pretèrit plusquamperfet de subjuntiu), e.g. hagués parlat ("that I had spoken, me to had spoken")

Moreover, among perfective tenses, there are the two different forms of remote past (analogous to English simple past). The most used one is the periphrastic preterite (pretèrit perfet perifràstic), which is a compound form made with special forms of anar ("go") and the infinitive of the conjugated verb, e.g. vaig parlar ("I spoke"). The other one is the simple preterite (pretèrit perfet simple), nowadays almost only in written usage, e.g. parlí ("I spoke").

Besides all of those tenses, and outside of the imperfective/perfective contrast, there is the imperative present (present d'imperatiu) that has only two forms: one for second person singular and one for second person plural, e.g. parla! ("(you singular) speak!"), parleu! ("(you plural) speak!"). For other persons of imperative the forms of subjunctive present are used, e.g. parli! ("let him/her speak!"), parlem! ("let us speak!"), parlin! ("let them speak!"). Imperative is only used for positive commands; negative commands use the forms of subjunctive present as well, e.g. no parlis! ("don't (you singular) speak!"), no parlem! ("let us not speak!"), no parleu! ("don't (you plural) speak!"), etc.

Some notes on usage of tenses:

The differences in meaning and usage distribution of Catalan recent past (indefinite preterite or present perfect) and remote past (periphrastic preterite) are similar to the ones of British English present perfect and simple past. Using the recent past implies action was performed some time in the past, completed during the period of the enunciation and its effects are still present; while using remote past implies action was performed in some past period and its effects are not present anymore.

So recent past can be used either to refer an action performed today or the current period referred (e.g. this week, this year, etc.) or sometime with effect in the present. While remote past may be used to refer an action not performed today or during a specific current period (e.g. this week, this year etc.) or sometime else long ago. E.g. one might say aquest matí he parlat amb el metge ("this morning I have spoken with the doctor") or he parlat amb un metge de la vista ("I have spoken with an ophthalmologist", may be today or not, and what the ophthalmologist said in still in effect). But one must say ahir vaig parlar amb el metge ("yesterday I spoke with the doctor") or vaig parlar amb un metge de la vista ("I spoke with an ophthalmologist", certainly not today, and presumably what the ophthalmologist said is not relevant any more now).

In conditional clauses verb tenses are used normally in these pairs:

• Subordinate clause with subjunctive perfect preterite and main clause with perfect conditional to express an already past condition that did not become true, e.g. si hagués arribat abans, l'hauria trobat a casa ("if I had arrived earlier, I would have met him at home")
• Subordinate clause with subjunctive imperfect preterite and main clause with simple conditional to express an irreal or imagined condition in either the present or the future, e.g. si l'estimés no se n'aniria ("if he loved her, he would not leave")
• Subordinate clause with indicative present and main clause with simple future to express a possible condition in either the present or the future, e.g. si fas bondat, anirem al parc ("if you behave, we will go to the park")

Although other tense combination are possible as well, e.g. si heu vist el que ha passat, ens ho heu d'explicar ("if you have seen what has happened, you must tell us").

Temporary and relative subordinate clauses are formed genuinely in the future tense e.g. quan vindràs, en parlarem ("when you will come, we will speak about it"), els qui vindran d'hora podran seure ("those arriving early will be able to sit"), although in current language the subjunctive is being used as well, quan vinguis..., els qui vinguin....

Non-finite forms

Catalan verbs have three non-finite forms: infinitive, gerund, and past participle.

These tables below summarise part of the inflected forms:

Infinitive is a verbal noun and always invariable. Infinitive is used with characteristic forms of present of verb anar (to go) to form the periphrastic preterite, e.g. vaig parlar ("I spoke").

Gerund is a verbal adverb and always invariable. Gerund is used to form non-finite adjunct adverbial clauses of time or manner, roughly corresponding to an -ing participle in English.

Past participle is a verbal adjective and may change for gender and number in certain constructions. Past participle is used with the auxiliary haver ("to have") to form the perfect tenses of the simple tenses, e.g. simple present parlo ("I speak, I'm speaking") in relation to present perfect he parlat ("I've spoken"), etc.

In compound perfect tenses of transitive verbs (those having a direct object) a past participle may change to match gender and number of the object if it is substituted by a weak object pronoun e.g. he vist les vaques ("I have seen the cows"), but les he vistes ("I have seen them") switching to feminine plural.

In ancient Catalan compound perfect tenses of intransitive verbs (those not having a direct object) could be formed as well with the auxiliary ser ("to be") and the past participle matching gender and number of the subject, e.g som arribats ("we have arrived"), switching to masculine plural, where normal contemporary construction is hem arribat, with invariable participle. This construction is not used anymore and nowadays it only remains in a few fosilized forms, e.g. és mort/és morta ("he's dead/she's dead").

Other periphrastic finite forms

Infinitive can be used to make the periphrastic near future with the present of verb anar (to go) plus the preposition a ("to"), analogous to the English near future with "be going to +ING", e.g. vaig a parlar ("I am going to speak"). This near future is not listed in traditional paradigms. Also, notice that this near future construction is not used as much as it is in Spanish or French, because in Catalan it is more likely to be confused with the Catalan periphrastic remote past.

Infinitives can also be used to make periphrastic forms with a range of modal verbs e.g. puc parlar ("I can speak"), he/haig de parlar ("I must/have to speak"), necessito parlar ("I need to speak"), vull parlar ("I want to speak"), solia parlar ("I used to speak"), etc. Those forms are not listed in traditional paradigms either.

Gerunds can be used to make periphrastic forms that are analogous to continuous tenses in English, e.g. estic parlant ("I'm speaking"), estava parlant ("I was speaking"), estaré parlant ("I will be speaking"), etc. Those forms are not listed in traditional paradigms either.

Past participles are also used with the auxiliary ser ("to be") to form the passive forms for all active tenses of transitive verbs, e.g. active present veig ("I see, I'm seeing") in relation to passive present sóc vist ("I'm seen, I'm being seen"), recent past he vist ("I've seen") in relation to passive recent past he estat vist ("I've been seen"), etc.

Catalan uses passive tenses much more scarcely than English, because it has other preferred syntactic alternatives, so e.g. instead of la vaca ha estat vista ("the cow has been seen"), other constructions could be used, like changing word order and using a redundant weak pronoun to mark object case, e.g. la vaca, l'han vista ("the cow, (they) have seen it"), or else using the impersonal pronoun es ("one, somebody") as subject, e.g. s'ha vist la vaca ("somebody has seen the cow"), or even using an elliptic plural subject, e.g. han vist la vaca ("(they, ones) have seen the cow").

Verbs in -ar, so called 1st conjugation

This is the group most Catalan verbs belong to (approximately 86% of verbs in the dictionary). Examples include estimar ("to love"), esperar ("to wait" and "to hope"), menjar ("to eat") and pensar ("to think"). This is the only open verb class, that is, new verbs incorporated into the language are likely to follow this regular conjugation model. The only irregular verbs in this class are the idiosyncratic anar ("to go", listed below) and estar ("to be, to stay"), which often act as auxiliary verbs.

Parlar ("to speak")

	Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
	parlar [pəɾˈɫə]	parlar [pəɾˈɫə]	parlar [pəɾˈɫa]	parlar [paɾˈɫa]	parlar [paɾˈlar]	parlar [paɾˈɫar]
Past participle
	parlat [pəɾˈɫat] parlada [pəɾˈɫaðə]	parlat [pəɾˈɫat] parlada [pəɾˈɫaðə]	parlat [pəɾˈɫat] parlada [pəɾˈɫaðə]	parlat [paɾˈɫat] parlada [paɾˈɫaðɛ][1]	parlat [paɾˈlat] parlada [paɾˈlaɛ][1][2]	parlat [paɾˈɫat] parlada [paɾˈɫaða]
Gerund
	parlant [pəɾˈɫan]	parlant [pəɾˈɫant]	parlant [pəɾˈɫan]	parlant [paɾˈɫan]	parlant [paɾˈlant]	parlant [paɾˈɫant]
Imperative
tu[3] nosaltres vosaltres	parla! [ˈpaɾɫə] parlem! [pəɾˈɫɛm] parleu! [pəɾˈɫɛw]	parla! [ˈpaɾɫə] parlem! [pəɾˈɫəm] parlau! [pəɾˈɫaw]<ref name="[4]	parla! [ˈpaɾɫə] parlem! [pəɾˈɫɛm] parleu! [pəɾˈɫɛw]	parla! [ˈpaɾɫa] parlem! [paɾˈɫɛm] parleu! [paɾˈɫɛw]	parla! [ˈpaɾla] parlem! [paɾˈlɛm] parleu! [paɾˈlɛw]	parla! [ˈpaɾɫa] parlem! [paɾˈɫɛm] parlau! [paɾˈɫaw]<ref name="[4]
Present indicative
jo[3] tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles	parli [ˈpaɾɫi][5] parles [ˈpaɾɫəs] parla [ˈpaɾɫə] parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm] parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw] parlen [ˈpaɾɫən]	parl [ˈpaɾɫ][6] parles [ˈpaɾɫəs] parla [ˈpaɾɫə] parlam [pəɾˈɫam][4] parlau [pəɾˈɫaw][4] parlen [ˈpaɾɫən]	parlo [ˈpaɾɫu] parles [ˈpaɾɫəs] parla [ˈpaɾɫə] parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm] parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw] parlen [ˈpaɾɫən]	parlo [ˈpaɾɫo] parles [ˈpaɾɫes] parla [ˈpaɾɫɛ][7] parlem [paɾˈɫɛm] parleu [paɾˈɫɛw] parlen [ˈpaɾɫen]	parle [ˈpaɾle][8] parles [ˈpaɾles] parla [ˈpaɾla] parlem [paɾˈlɛm] parleu [paɾˈlɛw] parlen [ˈpaɾlen]	parl [ˈpaɾɫ] / parle [ˈpaɾɫe][6] parles [ˈpaɾɫes] parla [ˈpaɾɫa] parlam [paɾˈɫam][4] parlau [paɾˈɫaw][4] parlen [ˈpaɾɫen]
Imperfect indicative
jo[3] tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles	parlavi [pəɾˈɫaβi][5] parlaves [pəɾˈɫaβəs] parlava [pəɾˈɫaβə] parlàvem [pəɾˈɫaβəm] parlàveu [pəɾˈɫaβəw] parlaven [pəɾˈɫaβən]	parlava [pəɾˈɫavə] parlaves [pəɾˈɫavəs] parlava [pəɾˈɫavə] parlàvem [pəɾˈɫavəm] parlàveu [pəɾˈɫavəw] parlaven [pəɾˈɫavən]	parlava [pəɾˈɫaβə] parlaves [pəɾˈɫaβəs] parlava [pəɾˈɫaβə] parlàvem [pəɾˈɫaβəm] parlàveu [pəɾˈɫaβəw] parlaven [pəɾˈɫaβən]	parlava [paɾˈɫaβa] parlaves [paɾˈɫaβes] parlava [paɾˈɫaβɛ][7] parlàvem [paɾˈɫaβem] parlàveu [paɾˈɫaβew] parlaven [paɾˈɫaβen]	parlava [paɾˈlava] parlaves [paɾˈlaves] parlava [paɾˈlava] parlàvem [paɾˈlavem] parlàveu [paɾˈlavew] parlaven [paɾˈlaven]	parlava [paɾˈɫava] parlaves [paɾˈɫaves] parlava [paɾˈɫava] parlàvem [paɾˈɫavɛm] parlàveu [paɾˈɫavɛw] parlaven [paɾˈɫaven]
Preterite indicative[9]
jo[3] tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles	vai parlar [ˌbaj pəɾˈɫa] vas parlar [ˌbas pəɾˈɫa] va parlar [ˌba pəɾˈɫa] vem parlar [ˌbɛm pəɾˈɫa] veu parlar [ˌbɛw pəɾˈɫa] van parlar [ˌbam pəɾˈɫa]	vaig parlar [ˌvatʃ pəɾˈɫa] vas parlar [ˌvas pəɾˈɫa] va parlar [ˌva pəɾˈɫa] vam parlar [ˌvam pəɾˈɫa] vau parlar [ˌvaw pəɾˈɫa] van parlar [ˌvam pəɾˈɫa]	vaig parlar [ˌbatʃ pəɾˈɫa] vas parlar [ˌbas pəɾˈɫa] va parlar [ˌba pəɾˈɫa] vem parlar [ˌbɛm pəɾˈɫa] veu parlar [ˌbɛw pəɾˈɫa] van parlar [ˌbam pəɾˈɫa]	vai parlar [ˌbaj paɾˈɫa] vas parlar [ˌbas paɾˈɫa] va parlar [ˌba paɾˈɫa] vam parlar [ˌbam paɾˈɫa] vau parlar [ˌbaw paɾˈɫa] van parlar [ˌbam paɾˈɫa]	vaig parlar [ˌvatʃ paɾˈla] / parlí [paɾˈli] vas parlar [ˌvas paɾˈla] / parlares [paɾˈlaɾes] va parlar [ˌva paɾˈla] / parlà [paɾˈla] vam parlar [ˌvam paɾˈla] / parlàrem [paɾˈlaɾem] vau parlar [ˌvaw paɾˈla] / parlàreu [paɾˈlaɾew] van parlar [ˌvam paɾˈla] / parlaren [paɾˈlaɾen]	parlé [paɾˈɫe] / parlai [paɾˈɫaj] parlast [paɾˈɫast] parlà [paɾˈɫə] parlam [paɾˈɫam] parlàs [paɾˈɫas] parlaren [paɾˈɫaɾen]
Future indicative
jo[3] tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles	parlaré [pəɾɫəˈɾe] parlaràs [pəɾɫəˈɾas] parlarà [pəɾɫəˈɾa] parlarem [pəɾɫəˈɾɛm] parlareu [pəɾɫəˈɾɛw] parlaran [pəɾɫəˈɾan]	parlaré [pəɾɫəˈɾe] parlaràs [pəɾɫəˈɾas] parlarà [pəɾɫəˈɾa] parlarem [pəɾɫəˈɾəm] parlareu [pəɾɫəˈɾəw] parlaran [pəɾɫəˈɾan]	parlaré [pəɾɫəˈɾe] parlaràs [pəɾɫəˈɾas] parlarà [pəɾɫəˈɾa] parlarem [pəɾɫəˈɾɛm] parlareu [pəɾɫəˈɾɛw] parlaran [pəɾɫəˈɾan]	parlaré [paɾɫaˈɾe] parlaràs [paɾɫaˈɾas] parlarà [paɾɫaˈɾa] parlarem [paɾɫaˈɾɛm] parlareu [paɾɫaˈɾɛw] parlaran [paɾɫaˈɾan]	parlaré [paɾlaˈɾe] parlaràs [paɾlaˈɾas] parlarà [paɾlaˈɾa] parlarem [paɾlaˈɾɛm] parlareu [paɾlaˈɾɛw] parlaran [paɾlaˈɾan]	parlaré [paɾɫaˈɾe] parlaràs [paɾɫaˈɾas] parlarà [paɾɫaˈɾa] parlarem [paɾɫaˈɾɛm] parlareu [paɾɫaˈɾɛw] parlaran [paɾɫaˈɾan]
Conditional
jo[3] tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles	parlariï [pəɾɫəˈɾii][5] parlaries [pəɾɫəˈɾiəs] parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə] parlaríem [pəɾɫəˈɾiəm] parlaríeu [pəɾɫəˈɾiəw] parlarien [pəɾɫəˈɾiən]	parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə] parlaries [pəɾɫəˈɾiəs] parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə] parlaríem [pəɾɫəˈɾiəm] parlaríeu [pəɾɫəˈɾiəw] parlarien [pəɾɫəˈɾiən]	parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə] parlaries [pəɾɫəˈɾiəs] parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə] parlaríem [pəɾɫəˈɾiəm] parlaríeu [pəɾɫəˈɾiəw] parlarien [pəɾɫəˈɾiən]	parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾia] parlaries [paɾɫaˈɾies] parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾiɛ][7] parlaríem [paɾɫaˈɾiem] parlaríeu [paɾɫaˈɾiew] parlarien [paɾɫaˈɾien]	parlaria [paɾlaˈɾia] parlaries [paɾlaˈɾies] parlaria [paɾlaˈɾia] parlaríem [paɾlaˈɾiem] parlaríeu [paɾlaˈɾiew] parlarien [paɾlaˈɾien]	parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾia] parlaries [paɾɫaˈɾies] parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾia] parlaríem [paɾɫaˈɾiɛm] parlaríeu [paɾɫaˈɾiɛw] parlarien [paɾɫaˈɾien]
Present subjunctive
jo[3] tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles	parli [ˈpaɾɫi][10] parlis [ˈpaɾɫis] parli [ˈpaɾɫi] parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm] parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw] parlin [ˈpaɾɫin]	parli [ˈpaɾɫi][10] parlis [ˈpaɾɫis] parli [ˈpaɾɫi] parlem [pəɾˈɫəm] parleu [pəɾˈɫəw] parlin [ˈpaɾɫin]	parli [ˈpaɾɫi][10] parlis [ˈpaɾɫis] parli [ˈpaɾɫi] parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm] parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw] parlin [ˈpaɾɫin]	parlo [ˈpaɾɫo][11] parlos [ˈpaɾɫos] parlo [ˈpaɾɫo] parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm] parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw] parlon [ˈpaɾɫon]	parle [ˈpaɾle][12] parles [ˈpaɾles] parle [ˈpaɾle] parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm] parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw] parlen [ˈpaɾlen]	parle [ˈpaɾle][12] parles [ˈpaɾles] parle [ˈpaɾle] parlem [paɾˈlɛm] parleu [paɾˈlɛw] parlen [ˈpaɾlen]
Past subjunctive
jo[3] tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles	parlessi [pəɾˈɫesi][5] parlessis [pəɾˈɫesis] parlés [pəɾˈɫes] parléssim [pəɾˈɫesim] parléssiu [pəɾˈɫesiw] parlessin [pəɾˈɫesin]	parlàs [pəɾˈɫas][4] parlassis [pəɾˈɫasis] parlàs [pəɾˈɫas] parlàssim [pəɾˈɫasim] parlàssiu [pəɾˈɫasiw] parlassin [pəɾˈɫasin]	parlés [pəɾˈɫes] parlessis [pəɾˈɫesis] parlés [pəɾˈɫes] parléssim [pəɾˈɫesim] parléssiu [pəɾˈɫesiw] parlessin [pəɾˈɫesin]	parlessa [paɾˈɫesa] parlesses [paɾˈɫeses] parlés [paɾˈɫes] parléssom [paɾˈɫesom] parléssou [paɾˈɫesow] parlessen [paɾˈɫesen]	parlara [paɾˈlaɾa] [13] parlares [paɾˈlaɾes] parlara [paɾˈlaɾa] parlàrem [paɾˈlaɾem] parlàreu [paɾˈlaɾew] parlaren [paɾˈlaɾen]	parlàs [paɾˈɫas][4] parlasses [paɾˈɫases] parlàs [paɾˈɫas] parlàssem [paɾˈɫasɛw] parlàsseu [paɾˈɫasɛm] parlassen [paɾˈɫasen]

Verbs in -ir, so called 3rd conjugation

This is the second largest group of regular verbs in the Catalan language (approximately 10% of verbs in the dictionary).

Most of the regular verbs of this group (about 91%) take the so called inchoative augment, which derives from the Latin inchoative suffix -ESC-. The particular form of the suffix varies among -eix-, -ix-, -esc-, -isc- (which might be realised as [ˈɛʃ, ˈiʃ, ˈɛsk, ˈisk] etc.) depending on the tense and the dialect. That suffix, which always carries the stress accent, is added to the basic root in some forms in particular (imperative 2nd person singular, and 1st,2nd,3rd singular and 3rd plural of indicative present and subjunctive present), e.g. servir gives imperative 2nd person singular serveix!, 3rd singular indicative present serveix, 3rd singular subjunctive present serveixi, etc.

Verbs in -ir with two stems, so called inchoatives: Servir ("to serve")

These verbs have a basic stem (e.g. serv-) and an extended stem (serveix-, servix-, servesc- or servisc-) used in some particular tenses. Examples of inchoative verbs include patir ("to suffer/endure") and partir ("to divide"), which give 3rd singular indicative present as pateix and parteix, respectively.

Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
servir [səɾˈβi]	servir [səɾˈvi]	servir [səɾˈβi]	servir [seɾˈβi]	servir [seɾˈviɾ]	servir [seɾˈviɾ]
Past Participle
servit [səɾˈβit] servida [səɾˈβiðə]	servit [səɾˈvit] servida [səɾˈviðə]	servit [səɾˈβit] servida [səɾˈβiðə]	servit [seɾˈβit] servida [seɾˈβiðɛ][1]	servit [seɾˈvit] servida [seɾˈviɛ][1][2]	servit [seɾˈvit] servida [seɾˈviða]
Gerund
servint [səɾˈβin]	servint [səɾˈvint]	servint [səɾˈβin]	servint [seɾˈβin]	servint [seɾˈvint]	servint [seɾˈvint]
Imperative
serveix! [səɾˈβɛʃ] servim! [səɾˈβim] serviu! [səɾˈβiw]	serveix! [səɾˈvɛʃ] serviguem! [səɾviˈɣəm] serviu! [səɾˈviw]	serveix! [səɾˈβɛʃ] servim! [səɾˈβim] serviu! [səɾˈβiw]	servix! [seɾˈβiʃ] servim! [seɾˈβim] serviu! [seɾˈβiw]	servix! [seɾˈviʃ] servim! [seɾˈvim] serviu! [seɾˈviw]	serveix! [seɾˈvɛʃ] servim! [seɾˈvim] serviu! [seɾˈviw]
Present indicative
serveixi [səɾˈβɛʃi][5] serveixes [səɾˈβɛʃəs] serveix [səɾˈβɛʃ] servim [səɾˈβim] serviu [səɾˈβiw] serveixen [səɾˈβɛʃən]	servesc [səɾˈvɛsk][6] serveixes [səɾˈvɛʃəs] serveix [səɾˈvɛʃ] servim [səɾˈvim] serviu [səɾˈviw] serveixen [səɾˈvɛʃən]	serveixo [səɾˈβɛʃu] serveixes [səɾˈβɛʃəs] serveix [səɾˈβɛʃ] servim [səɾˈβim] serviu [səɾˈβiw] serveixen [səɾˈβɛʃən]	servixo [seɾˈβiʃo] servixes [seɾˈβiʃes] servix [seɾˈβiʃ] servim [seɾˈβim] serviu [seɾˈβiw] servixen [seɾˈβiʃen]	servixc [seɾˈviʃk] / servisc [seɾˈvisk][6] servixes [seɾˈviʃes] servix [seɾˈviʃ] servim [seɾˈvim] serviu [seɾˈviw] servixen [seɾˈviʃen]	servesc [seɾˈvɛsk][6] serveixes [seɾˈvɛʃes] serveix [seɾˈvɛʃ] servim [seɾˈvim] serviu [seɾˈviw] serveixen [seɾˈvɛʃen]
Imperfect indicative
serviï [səɾˈβii][5] servies [səɾˈβiəs] servia [səɾˈβiə] servíem [səɾˈβiəm] servíeu [səɾˈβiəw] servien [səɾˈβiən]	servia [səɾˈviə] servies [səɾˈviəs] servia [səɾˈviə] servíem [səɾˈviəm] servíeu [səɾˈviəw] servien [səɾˈviən]	servia [səɾˈβiə] servies [səɾˈβiəs] servia [səɾˈβiə] servíem [səɾˈβiəm] servíeu [səɾˈβiəw] servien [səɾˈβiən]	servia [seɾˈβia] servies [seɾˈβies] servia [seɾˈβiɛ][7] servíem [seɾˈβiem] servíeu [seɾˈβiew] servien [seɾˈβien]	servia [seɾˈvia] servies [seɾˈvies] servia [seɾˈvia] servíem [seɾˈviem] servíeu [seɾˈview] servien [seɾˈvien]	servia [seɾˈvia] servies [seɾˈvies] servia [seɾˈvia] servíem [seɾˈviem] servíeu [seɾˈview] servien [seɾˈvien]
Preterite indicative[9]
				serví servires serví servírem servíreu serviren	serví servist serví servim servís serviren
Future indicative
serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran	serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran	serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran	serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran	serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran	serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran
Conditional
serviriï[5] serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien	serviria serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien	serviria serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien	serviria serviries serviria[7] serviríem serviríeu servirien	serviria serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien	serviria serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien
Present subjunctive
serveixi[10] serveixis serveixi servim serviu serveixin	servesqui[10] servesquis servesqui serviguem servigueu servesquin	serveixi[10] serveixis serveixi servim serviu serveixin	servixo[11] servixos servixo servim serviu servixon	servixca/servisca servixques/servisques servixca/servisca servim serviu servixquen/servisquen	servesca servesques servesca servim serviu servesquen
Past subjunctive
servissi[5] servissis servís servíssim servíssiu servissin	servís servissis servís servíssim servíssiu servissin	servís servissis servís servíssim servíssiu servissin	servís servissis servís servíssim servíssiu servissin	servira[13] servires servira servírem servíreu serviren	servís servisses servís servíssem servísseu servissen

Verbs in -ir with only one stem: Dormir ("to sleep")

Examples of non-inchoative verbs include, fugir ("to flee") and morir ("to die"), which give 3rd singular indicative present as fuig and mor, respectively.

Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
dormir [dur'mi]	dormir [dur'mi]	dormir [dur'mi]	dormir [dor'mi]	dormir [dor'mir]	dormir [dor'mir]
Past Participle
dormit [dur'mit] dormida [durˈmiðə]	dormit [dur'mit] dormida [durˈmiðə]	dormit [dur'mit] dormida [durˈmiðə]	dormit [dor'mit] dormida [dorˈmiðɛ][1]	dormit [dor'mit] dormida [dorˈmiɛ][1][2]	dormit [dor'mit] dormida [dorˈmiða]
Gerund
dormint [dur'min]	dormint [dur'mint]	dormint [dur'min]	dormint [dor'min]	dormint [dor'mint]	dormint [dor'mint]
Imperative
dorm! dormim! dormiu!	dorm! dormiguem! dormiu!	dorm! dormim! dormiu!	dorm! dormim! dormiu!	dorm! dormim! dormiu!	dorm! dormim! dormiu!
Present indicative
dormi ['dormi][5] dormes dorm dormim dormiu dormen	dorm ['dorm][6] dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen	dormo ['dormu] dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen	dormo ['dormo] dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen	dorm ['dorm][6] dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen	dorm ['dorm][6] dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen
Imperfect indicative
dormiï [dur'mii][5] dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien	dormia [dorˈmiə] dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien	dormia [durˈmiə] dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien	dormia [dor'mia] dormies dormia [dorˈmiɛ][7] dormíem dormíeu dormien	dormia [dor'mia] dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien	dormia [dor'mia] dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien
Preterite indicative[9]
				dormí dormires dormí dormírem dormíreu dormiren	dormí dormist dormí dormim dormís dormiren
Future indicative
dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran	dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran	dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran	dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran	dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran	dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran
Conditional
dormiriï[5] dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien	dormiria dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien	dormiria dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien	dormiria dormiries dormiria[7] dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien	dormiria dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien	dormiria dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien
Present subjunctive
dormi[10] dormis dormi dormim dormiu dormin	dormi[10] dormis dormi dormiguem dormigueu dormin	dormi[10] dormis dormi dormim dormiu dormin	dormo[11] dormos dormo dormim dormiu dormon	dorma dormes dorma dormim dormiu dormen	dorma dormes dorma dormim dormiu dormen
Past subjunctive
dormissi[5] dormissis dormís dormíssim dormíssiu dormissin	dormís dormissis dormís dormíssim dormíssiu dormissin	dormís dormissis dormís dormíssim dormíssiu dormissin	dormís dormisses dormís dormíssem dormísseu dormissen	dormira[13] dormires dormira dormírem dormíreu dormiren	dormís dormisses dormís dormíssem dormísseu dormissen

Verbs in -re or -er, and also dir and dur, so called 2nd conjugation

This is the remaining group of verbs in the Catalan language (approximately 4% of verbs in the dictionary). It includes most of the irregular verbs, which are the most frequently used as well, as ser ("to be", listed below), haver ("to have", listed below), fer ("to do", listed below), veure ("to see"), poder ("can"), voler ("to want"), caldre ("must"), etc., and also the two idiosyncratic and irregular verbs dir ("to say") and dur ("to take/get"), both listed below.

In verbs with infinitive ending in -re, the letter immediately before -re is always a consonant (one of b, d, p, t) or a consonantal u. Examples include rebre ("to receive"), vendre ("to sell"), valdre ("to be worth"), perdre ("to lose"), rompre ("break"), fotre ("fuck"), caure ("to fall"), deure ("to owe", also modal "might"), viure ("to live"), or coure ("to cook").

Diachronical notes:

• The final consonantal u in infinitive roots of this verb class is a characteristic Catalan evolution of several consonantal clusters from vulgar Latin proparoxytone infinitives, e.g CÁDERE > cadre > caure, DÉBERE > devre > deure, VÍVERE > vivre > viure, CÓQUERE > cogre > coure, etc.
• The clusters -ldr-, -ndr- in infinitive roots of this verb class have an epenthetic d as the result of the evolution of consonantal clusters from vulgar Latin proparoxytone infinitives, e.g VÁLERE > valre > valdre, VÉNDERE > venre > vendre, etc.

If the root consonant in the infinitive is a b, then the third person singular of indicative present will be spelt with a p instead, consequently, rebre will give rep.

There is a significative group of verbs in this group that present a supletive root with the so called velar augment (that is, adding -g- [ɣ] or -c [k] to the basic root) in some particular forms (most frequently, but not always: past participle, 1st person of indicative present, and all forms of indicative preterite, subjunctive present and subjunctive preterite, e.g. valdre gives valgut, valc, valguí, valgui, valgués; voler gives volgut, vull or vullc, volguí, vulgui, volgués; etc.

Batre ("to beat", "to shake")

Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
batre [ˈbatɾə]	batre [ˈbatɾə]	batre [ˈbatɾə]	batre [ˈbatɾe]	batre [ˈbatɾe]	batre [ˈbatɾe]
Past Participle
batut [bəˈtut] batuda [bəˈtuðə]	batut [bəˈtut] batuda [bəˈtuðə]	batut [bəˈtut] batuda [bəˈtuðə]	batut [baˈtut] batuda [baˈtuðɛ][1]	batut [baˈtut] batuda [baˈtuɛ][1][2]	batut [baˈtut] batuda [baˈtuða]
Gerund
batent [bəˈten]	batent [bəˈtent]	batent [bəˈten]	batent [baˈten]	batent [baˈtent]	batent [baˈtent]
Imperative
bat! [ˈbat] batem! [bəˈtɛm] bateu! [bəˈtɛw]	bat! [ˈbat] batem! [bəˈtəm] bateu! [bəˈtəw]	bat! [ˈbat] batem! [bəˈtɛm] bateu! [bəˈtɛw]	bat! [ˈbat] batem! [baˈtɛm] bateu! [baˈtɛw]	bat! [ˈbat] batem! [baˈtɛm] bateu! [baˈtɛw]	bat! [ˈbat] batem! [baˈtɛm] bateu! [baˈtɛw]
Present indicative
bati[5] bates bat batem bateu baten	bat[6] bats bat batem bateu baten	bato bats bat batem bateu baten	bato bats bat batem bateu baten	bat[6] bats bat batem bateu baten	bat[6] bats bat batem bateu baten
Imperfect indicative
batiï [bəˈtii][5] baties [bəˈtiəs] batia [bəˈtiə] batíem [bəˈtiəm] batíeu [bəˈtiəw] batien [bəˈtiən]	batia [bəˈtiə] baties [bəˈtiəs] batia [bəˈtiə] batíem [bəˈtiəm] batíeu [bəˈtiəw] batien [bəˈtiən]	batia [bəˈtiə] baties [bəˈtiəs] batia [bəˈtiə] batíem [bəˈtiəm] batíeu [bəˈtiəw] batien [bəˈtiən]	batia [ba'tia] baties [ba'ties] batia [baˈtiɛ][7] batíem [ba'tiem] batíeu [ba'tiew] batien [ba'tien]	batia [ba'tia] baties [ba'ties] batia [ba'tia] batíem [ba'tiem] batíeu [ba'tiew] batien [ba'tien]	batia [ba'tia] baties [ba'ties] batia [ba'tia] batíem [ba'tiem] batíeu [ba'tiew] batien [ba'tien]
Preterite indicative[9]
				batí bateres baté batérem batéreu bateren	baté batest baté batem batés bateren
Future indicative
batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran	batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran	batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran	batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran	batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran	batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran
Conditional
batiriï[5] batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien	batiria batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien	batiria batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien	batiria batiries batiria[7] batiríem batiríeu batirien	batiria batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien	batiria batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien
Present subjunctive
bati[10] batis bati batem bateu batin	bata bates bata batem bateu baten	bati[10] batis bati batem bateu batin	bato[11] batos bato batem bateu baton	bata bates bata batem bateu baten	bata bates bata batem bateu baten
Past subjunctive
batessi[5] batessis batés batéssim batéssiu batessin	batés batessis batés batéssim batéssiu batessin	batés batessis batés batéssim batéssiu batessin	batés batesses batés batéssem batésseu batessen	batera[13] bateres batera batérem batéreu bateren	batés batesses batés batéssem batésseu batessen

Irregular verbs

Ser or ésser ("to be")

This auxiliary verb presents several different roots: s-, ess-, er-, sig- (from Latin ESSE), and for-, foss, fu- (from Latin perfect forms of ESSE, which already had analogous supletive roots).

There are more dialectal forms with velar augment based on the root sig-, for example in Ribargorçan indicative present.

Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
ser [ˈsɛ]	ser [ˈsə] / esser [əˈse]	ser [ˈse] / ésser [ˈesə]	ser [ˈse]	ser [ˈseɾ]	ésser [ˈeseɾ]
Past Participle
sigut siguda		sigut/set/estat siguda/seta/estada	sigut/set siguda/seta	segut seguda
Gerund
siguent		sent/siguent/essent	sent/siguent	sent/siguent
Imperative
		sigues siguem sigueu
Present indicative
sun es/ets és sem seu sun	som ets és som sou són	sóc/so ets és som sou són
Imperfect indicative
eri[5] eres/érets era érem éreu eren		era eres era érem éreu eren
Preterite indicative[9]
				fui fores fou fórem fóreu foren	fui fuist/fost fo/fou/fonc fom/fórem fos/fórets foren
Future indicative
seré [səˈɾe] seràs [səˈɾas] serà [səˈɾa] serem [səˈɾɛm] sereu [səˈɾɛw] seran [səˈɾan]	seré [səˈɾe] seràs [səˈɾas] serà [səˈɾa] serem [səˈɾɛm] sereu [səˈɾɛw] seran [səˈɾan]	seré [səˈɾe] seràs [səˈɾas] serà [səˈɾa] serem [səˈɾɛm] sereu [səˈɾɛw] seran [səˈɾan]	siré [siˈɾe] siràs [siˈɾas] sirà [siˈɾa] sirem [siˈɾɛm] sireu [siˈɾɛw] siran [siˈɾan]	seré [seˈɾe] seràs [seˈɾas] serà [seˈɾa] serem [seˈɾɛm] sereu [seˈɾɛw] seran [seˈɾan]	seré [seˈɾe] seràs [seˈɾas] serà [seˈɾa] serem [seˈɾɛm] sereu [seˈɾɛw] seran [seˈɾan]
Conditional
seriï[5] series seria seríem seríeu serien	seria series seria seríem seríeu serien	seria/fóra series/fores seria/fóra seríem/fórem seríeu/fóreu serien/foren	siria siries siria siríem siríeu sirien	seria series seria seríem seríeu serien	fóra fores fóra fórem fóreu foren
Present subjunctive
sigui siguis sigui siguem sigueu siguin	sigui siguis sigui siguem sigueu siguin	sigui siguis sigui siguem sigueu siguin	sigo[11] sigos sigo siguem sigueu sigon	siga sigues sigue siguem sigueu siguen
Past subjunctive
siguessi[5] siguessis sigués siguéssim siguéssiu siguessin	sigués siguessis sigués siguéssim siguéssiu siguessin	fos/sigués fossis/siguessis fos/sigués fóssim/siguéssim fóssiu/siguéssiu fossin/siguessin	fos fosses fos fóssem fósseu fossen	fóra fores fóra fórem fóreu foren

Haver ("to have")

This auxiliary verb presents several different roots: h-, hav- and hag- (either [aɣ] or [aʒ]) (all from Latin HABERE). There are more dialectal forms with velar augment based on the root hag-.

Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
		haver
Past Participle
		hagut haguda
Gerund
		havent
Imperative
Present indicative
		he/haig has ha hem heu han
Imperfect indicative
		havia havies havia havíem havíeu havien
Preterite indicative
Future indicative
		hauré hauràs haurà haurem haureu hauran
Conditional
		hauria hauries hauria hauríem hauríeu haurien
Present subjunctive
		hagi hagis hagi hàgim hàgiu hagin	haja hages haja hàgem hàgeu hagen	haja hages haja hàgem hàgeu hagen
Past subjunctive
		hagués haguessis hagués haguéssim haguéssiu haguessin	hagués haguesses hagués haguéssem haguésseu haguessen	haguera hagueres haguera haguérem haguéreu hagueren

Anar ("to go")

This verb presents two sets of different roots: ana-, ani- (from Latin AMBULARE, the second one a mix with Latin IRE) and va-,vag- [baʒ] (from Latin VADERE).

As you have seen, present of anar is used as an auxiliary verb to form the periphrastic preterite with the infinitive of the verb being conjugated. Notice the characteristic forms of this verb anar used as auxiliary verb are slightly different from the normal present when used as a full verb. In particular the 1st and 2nd plural forms are different: auxliary verb forms are vam and vau (or vem,veu depending on the dialect), full verb forms are anem and aneu (or anam,anau depending on the dialect).

Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
anar	anar	anar	anar	anar	anar
Past Participle
anat anada	anat anada	anat anada	anat anada	anat anada	anat anada
Gerund
anant	anant	anant	anant	anant	anant
Imperative
vés! [ˈbes] anem! [əˈnɛm] aneu! [əˈnɛw]	vés! [ˈves] anem! [əˈnəm] anau! [əˈnɛw]	vés! [ˈbes] anem! [əˈnɛm] aneu! [əˈnɛw]	vés! [ˈbes] anem! [aˈnɛm] aneu! [aˈnɛw]	vés! [ˈves] anem! [aˈnɛm] aneu! [aˈnɛw]
Present indicative
vaig [ˈbatʃ] vas ['bas] va [ˈba] anem [əˈnɛm] aneu [əˈnɛw] van [ˈban]	vaig [ˈvatʃ] vas ['vas] va [ˈva] anam [əˈnam] anau [əˈnaw] van [ˈvan]	vaig [ˈbatʃ] vas ['bas] va [ˈba] anem [əˈnɛm] aneu [əˈnɛw] van [ˈban]	vaig [ˈbatʃ] vas ['bas] va [ˈba] anem [aˈnɛm] aneu [aˈnɛw] van [ˈban]	vaig [ˈvatʃ] vas ['vas] va [ˈva] anem [aˈnɛm] aneu [aˈnɛw] van [ˈvan]	vaig [ˈvatʃ] vas ['vas] va [ˈva] anam [aˈnɛm] anau [aˈnɛw] van [ˈvan]
Imperfect indicative
anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven	anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven	anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven	anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven	anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven	anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven
Preterite indicative
				aní anares anà anàrem anàreu anaren	ané/aní anàs/anist anà anam anats anaren
Future indicative
iré iràs irà irem ireu iran	aniré aniràs anirà anirem anireu aniran	aniré aniràs anirà anirem anireu aniran	aniré aniràs anirà anirem anireu aniran	aniré aniràs anirà anirem anireu aniran
Conditional
iria iries iria iríem iríeu irien	aniria aniries aniria aniríem aniríeu anirien	aniria aniries aniria aniríem aniríeu anirien	aniria aniries aniria aniríem aniríeu anirien	aniria aniries aniria aniríem aniríeu anirien
Present subjunctive
vagi vagis vagi anem aneu vagin	vagi vagis vagi anem aneu vagin	vagi vagis vagi anem aneu vagin	vaja vages vaja anem aneu vagen	vaja vages vaja anem aneu vagen	vaja vages vaja anem aneu vagen
Past subjunctive
anéssi anessis anés anéssim anéssiu anessin	anàs anassis anàs anàssim anàssiu anassin	anés anessis anés anéssim anéssiu anessin	anés anessis anés anéssim anéssiu anessin	anara anares anara anàrem anàreu anaren

Fer ("to do")

This irregular verb presents several different roots: fe-, fa-, fac- [fas] (all from Latin FACERE). There are more dialectal (and non-standard) forms based on the root fag- [faʒ], by analogy on haver, for example in central Catalan subjunctive present.

Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
		fer
Past Participle
		fet feta
Gerund
		fent
Imperative
	fé facem! feis!	fes fem! feu!	fes fem! feu!	fes fem! feu!	fes fem! feu!
Present indicative
	faç fas fa faim fais fan	faig fas fa fem feu fan		faig fas fa fem feu fan
Imperfect indicative
		feia feies feia feiem feieu feien
Preterite indicative
				fiu feres féu férem féreu feren	fiu faist/fist féu faem faés/fés feren
Future indicative
		faré faràs farà farem fareu faran
Conditional
		faria faries faria faríem faríeu farien
Present subjunctive
	faci facis faci facem faceu facin	faci facis faci fem feu facin		faça faces faça fem feu facen
Past subjunctive
		fes fessis fes féssim féssiu fessin	fes fesses fes féssem fésseu fessen	fera feres fera férem féreu feren

Dir ("to say")

This irregular verb presents several different roots: di-, diu- [diw], dei- [dɛj], dig- [diɣ], dic- [dik] (all from Latin DICERE). There are more dialectal forms with velar augment based on the root dig-, specially in Balearic varieties.

Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
dir [ˈdi]	dir [ˈdi]	dir [ˈdi]	dir [ˈdi]	dir [ˈdir]	dir [ˈdir]
Past Participle
		dit dita
Gerund
		dient
Imperative
	digues! diguem! digau!	digues! diguem! digueu!
Present indicative
	dic dius diu deim deis diuen	dic dius diu diem dieu diuen
Imperfect indicative
		deia deies deia dèiem dèieu deien
Preterite indicative
				diguí digueres digué diguérem diguéreu digueren	dix dixist dix dixem dixest dixeren
Future indicative
		diré diràs dirà direm direu diran
Conditional
		diria diries diria diríem diríeu dirien
Present subjunctive
		digui [ˈdiɣi] diguis [ˈdiɣis] digui [ˈdiɣi] diguem [diˈɣɛm] digueu [diˈɣɛw] diguin [ˈdiɣin]
Past subjunctive
		digués diguessis digués diguéssim diguéssiu diguessin

Dur ("to take/get")

This irregular verb presents several different roots: du-, dui- [duj], dug- [duɣ], duc- [duk] (all from Latin DUCERE). There are more dialectal forms with velar augment based on the root dug-, specially in Balearic varieties.

Northern Catalan	Balearic	Central Catalan	North-Western Catalan	Valencian	Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
dur [ˈdu]	dur [ˈdu]	dur [ˈdu]	dur [ˈdu]	dur [ˈdur]	dur [ˈdur]
Past Participle
	duit [ˈdujt] duita [ˈdujtə]	dut [ˈdut] duta [ˈdutə]
Gerund
		duent
Imperative
	duu! duguem! duis!	duu! duguem! dueu!		dus! duguem! dueu!	dus! duguem! dueu!
Present indicative
	duc [ˈduk] duus [ˈduws] / dus [ˈdus] duu [ˈduw] / du [ˈdu] duim [ˈdujm] duis [ˈdujs] duen [ˈduən]	duc [ˈduk] duus [ˈduws] / dus [ˈdus] duu [ˈduw] / du [ˈdu] duem [duˈɛm] dueu [duˈɛw] duen [ˈduən]		duc [ˈduk] duus [ˈduws] / dus [ˈdus] duu [ˈduw] / du [ˈdu] duem [duˈɛm] dueu [duˈɛw] duen [ˈduen]
Imperfect indicative
		duia duies duia duiem duieu duien
Preterite indicative
				duguí dugueres dugué duguérem duguéreu dugueren	dux duxist dux duxem duxest duxeren
Future indicative
		duré duràs durà durem dureu duran
Conditional
		duria duries duria duríem duríeu durien
Present subjunctive
		dugui [ˈduɣi] duguis [ˈduɣis] dugui [ˈduɣi] duguem [duˈɣɛm] dugueu [duˈɣɛw] duguin [ˈduɣin]
Past subjunctive
		dugués duguessis dugués duguéssim duguéssiu duguessin

Online Catalan Conjugators

• Catalan Conjugator. CatalanDictionary.org
• Romance languages: Catalan - verbix.com

Notes

See also

• Catalan phonology
• Romance verbs
• Occitan conjugation

Bibliography

• Proposta per a un estandàrd oral de la llengua catalana, II – Morfologia / Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Secció filològica – 1999
• Gramática histórica catalana / Antoni Maria Badia i Margarit – Tres i quatre, 1994
• Moments clau de la història de la llengua catalana / Antoni Maria Badia i Margarit – Universitat de València, 2004
• Gramàtica històrica catalana / Francesc de Borja i Moll – Universitat de València, 2006
• Morfologia catalana / Manuel Pérez Saldanya (coord.) – UOC, 2001
• Els Parlars catalans : síntesi de dialectologia / Joan Veny i Clar – Moll, 1982
• Els verbs catalans conjugats / Joan Baptista Xuriguera i Parramona – Claret, 1972