Catalan personal pronouns
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This article discusses the forms and functions of the personal pronouns in Catalan grammar.
Strong pronouns
The "strong" pronouns (Catalan: pronoms forts) in Catalan have the following forms:
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | jo, mi | nosaltres | |
| 2nd person | informal | tu | vosaltres |
| formal | vostè | vostès | |
| respectful | (vós)[1] | ||
| 3rd person | masculine | ell | ells |
| feminine | ella | elles | |
These forms are used as subject pronouns (with the exception of si), and also as disjunctive pronouns, for example, after a preposition.
- Jo encara no en sé gaire. ("I still don't know much about it.")
- Ell, no crec que vingui. ("Him, I don't think he's coming.")
- Han preguntat per vosaltres. ("They asked about you.")
The first person singular pronoun has a special form mi after most prepositions.
- Queda't amb mi. ("Stay with me.")
However, the form jo is used with some prepositions, for example, in segons jo ("according to me"), and in coordinated structures with another noun or pronoun: contra tu i jo ("against you and me").
The reflexive pronoun si cannot be used as a subject. It most commonly appears after a preposition, often reinforced by mateix:
- Ho va comprar per a si mateix. ("He bought it for himself.")
The 2nd person polite pronouns are vostè (singular) and vostès (plural). They combine with 3rd person verbs.
- Vostè em faria un favor? ("Would you do me a favor?")
The older form vós (with 2nd person plural verb agreement) can be found in some varieties of Catalan, and in contexts like administrative texts.
The 1st person majestic plural is expressed with the pronoun Nós (in place of nosaltres).
Weak pronouns
The weak pronouns (Catalan: pronoms febles) are proforms that, as the name indicates, do not carry stress. All are monosyllabic clitics, and all must always appear immediately before or after a verb: they cannot be used on their own or attached to a different element of the sentence. The combination of the verb plus the weak pronoun or pronouns always has a single stressed vowel, that of the verb.
Forms
Weak pronouns in Catalan vary according to:
- the person, number, and gender of the antecedent
- its syntactic function (direct or indirect object or adverbial complement).
The form of a given pronoun is determined by its position with respect to the verb, and whether it is adjacent to a vowel or a consonant in the verb. There are four possible configurations:
- reinforced form (forma reforçada): used before a verb that begins with a consonant, separated from the verb by a space
- Em veieu. ("You see me.")
- elided form (forma elidida): used before a verb that begins with a vowel (or h-), and separated from it by an apostrophe
- Això m'agrada ("I like that."; lit. "That pleases me")
- full form (forma plena): used after a verb that ends in a consonant (or a diphthong ending in -u), connected to the verb with a hyphen
- En Joan no vol seguir-me. ("John doesn't want to follow me.")
- reduced form (forma reduïda): used after a verb that ends in a vowel, separated from it by an apostrophe (except in the case of -us)
- Dóna'm un llibre. ("Give me a book.")
Not all pronouns have four distinct forms. The following table shows the complete inventory.
| number | person | syntactic function | before the verb | after the verb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| before a consonant | before a vowel | after a consonant | after a vowel | |||
| singular | 1st | direct/indirect object or reflexive (m. or f.) |
em | m' | -me | 'm |
| 2nd | et | t' | -te | 't | ||
| 3rd | direct object (m.) | el | l' | -lo | 'l | |
| direct object (f.) | la | l' 1 | -la | |||
| neuter object | ho | -ho | ||||
| indirect object (m. or f.) | li | -li | ||||
| plural | 1st | direct/indirect object or reflexive (m. or f.) |
ens | -nos | 'ns | |
| 2nd | us | -vos | -us | |||
| 3rd | direct object (m.) | els | -los | 'ls | ||
| direct object (f.) | les | -les | ||||
| indirect object (m. or f.) | els | -los | 'ls | |||
| 3rd (sg. & pl.) | reflexive (m. or f.) | es | s' | -se | 's | |
| adverbial | ablative/genitive | en | n' | -ne | 'n | |
| locative | hi | -hi | ||||
1 The unelided form la is used before verbs beginning in unstressed i- ou u- (or hi-, hu-).
Uses
The weak pronouns primarily express complements of the verb.
- Direct objects
- Ahir el vaig veure. ("Yesterday I saw him.")
- Ahir la vaig veure. ("Yesterday I saw her.")
- Indirect objects
- Li donaràs el llibre? ("Will you give him/her the book?")
- Reflexive pronouns
- Reflexive - La nena es renta. ("The girl is washing herself.")
- Pronominal - Tots es van penedir d'això. ("Everyone is sorry about that.")
- The neuter proform ho replaces pronouns such as açò ("this"), això, allò ("that"), or tot ("everything"), or even an entire clause.
- No ho sé. ("I don't know [the thing you just asked about].")
- -T'agrada mirar la televisió? -No, ho trobo avorrit. ("Do you like to watch TV?" "No, I think it's boring.")
- Cal netejar-ho tot. ("We have to clean it all up.")
- The proform hi replaces adverbial complements such as:
- Locative expressions: Sempre he tingut ganes d'anar-hi. ("I've always wanted to go [there].")
- Prepositional phrases denoting manner or instrument, or starting with the pronouns a, amb, en, per, etc.: Hi estic d'accord. ("I agree [with that, with you, etc].)."
- Adverbs and adjectives used with verbs other than ser, ésser, estar, semblar, esdevenir: -Que t'has llevat alegre? -Sí, m'hi he llevat. (-"Did you get up in a good mood?" -"Yes, I did.")
- Intransitive verbs of perception: L'home no hi sent. ("The man can't hear.")
- The adverbial proform en replaces
- Prepositional phrases starting with de: Tothom en parla. ("Everyone is talking about it."); En vinc. ("I'm from there.")
- Unmodified nouns or nouns preceded by numbers, quantifying adverbs or an indefinite article: -Quantes cases teniu? -En tenim dues/moltes. (-"How many houses do you have?" -"We have two/many [of them].");-Tens adreça de correu electrònic? -Sí, en tinc. (-"Have you got an email address?" -"Yes, I do.")
Position
The weak pronouns are either proclitic (appearing immediately before the verb) or enclitic (immediately after).
Enclitic pronouns are used with infinitives, gerunds, and positive imperatives.
- Pots fer-nos mandonguilles? ("Can you make us meatballs?")
- Veient-ho des de fora, analitzant-ho objectivament ("Seeing it from an outsider's point of view, analyzing it objectively")
- Vés-hi i espera'm. ("Go there and wait for me.")
With all other forms of the verb, the weak pronouns are proclitic. This includes, in particular, conjugated (finite) verbs and negative imperatives:
- Ens faràs encara mandonguilles? ("Will you make us meatballs again?")
- No m'esperis. ("Don't wait for me.")
In complex verbal constructions consisting of a conjugated verb and an infinitive or gerund, the pronoun can appear either before the first verb or after the second verb.
- Els volien atacar. or Volien atacar-los. ("They wanted to attack them.")
- L'estem escoltant. or Estem escoltant-lo. ("We are listening to him.")
Dialectal variation
Use of weak pronouns varies significantly across the Catalan linguistic area.
Northern Catalan (particularly as spoken in Northern Catalonia) and Balearic Islands does not generally use the reinforced forms (e.g.: te veig, instead of et veig).
In the imperative mood in Northern Catalan, the reduced form of the pronoun is replaced by a tonic form (thus, not strictly being a weak pronoun anymore). For example, mira'm! (en: look at me!) in Northern Catalan is rendered as mira-mé.
Combinations of weak pronouns
When two weak pronouns appear with the same verb, they must appear in a fixed order, as illustrated in the following table:
| 3rd pers. reflexive |
2nd pers. | 1st pers. | 3rd pers. | adverbial | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indirect obj. | direct obj. | |||||
| es | et us |
em ens |
li els |
el la els les ho |
en | hi |
The two pronouns must be selected from different columns, and furthermore ho cannot combine with en or hi.
All of the combinations allowed in the standard language are given in the following table, which also shows the necessary morpho-phonological and orthographic adjustments. In each cell of the table, the forms are listed in the following order, with the same contextual conditions as explained above for the simple pronouns:
- proclitic form used before a verb that begins with a vowel
- proclitic form used before a verb that begins with a consonant
- enclitic form used after a verb that ends with a vowel (except "u")
- enclitic form used after a verb that ends with a consonant (or "u")
| HI | EN | HO | EL | LA | ELS | LES | LI | EM | ET | ENS | US | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES | s'hi s'hi -s'hi -s'hi |
se n' se'n -se'n -se'n |
s'ho s'ho -s'ho -s'ho |
se l' se'l -se'l -se'l |
se l' se la -se-la -se-la |
se'ls se'ls -se'ls -se'ls |
se les se les -se-les -se-les |
se li se li -se-li -se-li |
se m' se'm -se'm -se'm |
se t' se't -se't -se't |
se'ns se'ns -se'ns -se'ns |
se us se us -se-us -se-us |
| ET | t'hi t'hi -t'hi -t'hi |
te n' te'n -te'n -te'n |
t'ho t'ho -t'ho -t'ho |
te l' te'l -te'l -te'l |
te l' te la -te-la -te-la |
te'ls te'ls -te'ls -te'ls |
te les te les -te-les -te-les |
te li te li -te-li -te-li |
te m' te'm -te'm -te'm |
te'ns te'ns -te'ns -te'ns |
||
| US | us hi us hi -us-hi -vos-hi |
us n' us en -us-en -vos-en |
us ho us ho -us-ho -vos-ho |
us l' us el -us-el -vos-el |
us l' us la -us-la -vos-la |
us els us els -us-els -vos-els |
us les us les -us-les -vos-les |
us li us li -us-li -vos-li |
us m' us em -us-em -vos-em |
us ens us ens -us-ens -vos-ens |
||
| EM | m'hi m'hi -m'hi -m'hi |
me n' me'n -me'n -me'n |
m'ho m'ho -m'ho -m'ho |
me l' me'l -me'l -me'l |
me l' me la -me-la -me-la |
me'ls me'ls -me'ls -me'ls |
me les me les -me-les -me-les |
me li me li -me-li -me-li |
||||
| ENS | ens hi ens hi 'ns-hi -nos-hi |
ens n' ens en 'ns-en -nos-en |
ens ho ens ho 'ns-ho -nos-ho |
ens l' ens el 'ns-el -nos-el |
ens l' ens la 'ns-la -nos-la |
ens els ens els 'ns-els -nos-els |
ens les ens les 'ns-les -nos-les |
ens li ens li 'ns-li -nos-li |
||||
| LI | li hi li hi -li-hi -li-hi |
li n' li'n -li'n -li'n |
li ho li ho -li-ho -li-ho |
li l' li'l -li'l -li'l |
li l' li la -li-la -li-la |
li'ls li'ls -li'ls -li'ls |
li les li les -li-les -li-les |
|||||
| ELS ind. obj. |
els hi els hi 'ls-hi -los-hi |
els n' els en 'ls-en -los-en |
els ho els ho 'ls-ho -los-ho |
els l' els el 'ls-el -los-el |
els l' els la 'ls-la -los-la |
els els els els 'ls-els -los-els |
els les els les 'ls-les -los-les |
|||||
| EL | l'hi l'hi -l'hi -l'hi |
el n' l'en -l'en -l'en |
||||||||||
| LA | la hi la hi -la-hi -la-hi |
la n' la'n -la'n -la'n |
||||||||||
| ELS dir. obj. |
els hi els hi 'ls-hi -los-hi |
els n' els en 'ls-en -los-en |
||||||||||
| LES | les hi les hi -les-hi -les-hi |
les n' les en -les-en -les-en |
||||||||||
| EN | n'hi n'hi -n'hi -n'hi |
In combinations like es + en, the resulting form, pronounced [sən], could be analyzed either as s' + en or as se + 'n. The orthographic convention in such cases is to place the apostrophe as far to the right as possible: "se'n", and not "s'en", and similarly for "se'ls", "me'n", "te'm", "te'ns", etc. The combination of el/la with en, however, is written "l'en", because there is no form le that would justify the spelling "le'n".
Impossible combinations
As mentioned above, the combinations ho + hi and ho + en are not allowed in the standard language, and must be avoided, for example by keeping only ho and leaving the other pronoun unexpressed. In some contexts, it is also acceptable to replace ho with el, giving rise to the following combinations:
- ho + hi → el + hi → l'hi
- (Això, a Sabadell) l'hi portaré demà. ("I will take it there tomorrow")
- ho + en → el + en → l'en
In the second case, it is also possible to replace the pronoun en with hi:
- ho + en → el + hi → l'hi
- (Això, de l'armari) l'en/l'hi trauré després. ("I will take it out of there afterwards")
This substitution of hi for en is also used to express the combination of en (ablative) + en (genitive), since the form *ne'n is not allowed:
- en + en → en + hi → n'hi
- (D'homes, del teatre) n'hi sortiran tres. ("Three of them will come out of there")
Longer combinations
Sequences of three pronouns are possible, and generally consist of one of the two-pronoun combinations from the table above, preceded by em, et, ens, us, and most commonly es (the added pronoun must not already appear in the original two-pronoun cluster).[2]
- Us posen vi als gots (They put wine in the glasses for you) → Us n'hi posen (They put some there for you)
- Se t'ofereix cervesa (You are offered beer) → Se te n'ofereix (You are offered some)
Combinations of four pronouns are very rare:
- Se'm posa pols a les sabates (Dust gets into my shoes) → Se me n'hi posa (Some of it [the sand] gets into them [the shoes])
Variants
Combinations of weak pronouns are subject to wide regional and stylistic variation, and in several cases the normative rules presented above do not reflect actual usage.
For example, alongside the transparently derived forms of li + direct object pronoun (el, la, els, les) given in the table above, central Catalan varieties replace li with hi:
- li + el → el + hi → l'hi (instead of li'l)
- li + la → la + hi → la hi (instead of li la)
- li + els → els + hi → els hi (instead of li'ls)
- li + les → les + hi → les hi (instead of li les)
Furthermore, the feminine forms can merge phonetically with the masculine forms, i.e. la hi is pronounced like l'hi and les hi like els hi.
Combinations of li with en and ho can also undergo modification:
- li + en → en + hi → n'hi (instead of li'n)
- li + ho → el + hi → l'hi (instead of li ho)
In more colloquial registers, the plural indirect object pronoun els is realized as els hi, and this extended form is used instead of all combinations of els followed by a 3rd person direct object pronoun:
- els + el/la/els/les/ho → els hi
The elided proclitic forms ens n' and us n' are regularly replaced by the unelided forms ens en and us en before a verb starting with a vowel. For example:
- Ens en anem, instead of Ens n'anem
- Us en alegreu, instead of Us n'alegreu
See also
Footnotes
References
- Bonet, Eulàlia (1995). "Feature Structure of Romance Clitics". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 13 (4): 607–647. doi:10.1007/BF00992853.
- Dorandeu, Joan; Montserrat Moral de Prudon (1979). El catalán sin esfuerzo (in Spanish). Chennevières-sur-Marne: Assimil. ISBN 978-2-7005-0106-3.
- Pellicer, Joan E.; Francesc Ferran (1998). Gramática de uso de la lengua catalana (in Spanish). Barcelona: MIL999. ISBN 84-930236-0-4.
External links
- (Catalan) ésAdir: Pronoms