Catalan Campaign in Asia Minor

Catalan Campaign in Asia Minor
Part of Byzantine-Ottoman wars and Byzantine-Seljuq wars
Date 1303 to c. 1307 Location Asia Minor Result Tactical Byzantine victory Strategic Ottoman victory
Belligerents
Byzantine Empire Catalan Company until 1305)[1]	Various Anatolian Turkish Beyliks Catalan Company (after 1305)[1]
Commanders and leaders
Andronicus II Michael IX Roger de Flor † Berenguer d'Entança
Strength
10,900 in total (see "strength of forces")	30,000 men, according to Ramón Muntaner
Casualties and losses
only about 1,500 Catalans remained, according to Ramón Muntaner	18,000 supposedly lay dead, according to Ramón Muntaner

In 1303, the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus hired 6,500 Catalan mercenaries under Roger de Flor^[2] to campaign against the Turks in the spring and summer of the same year. Their costly service came with success, driving back the Turks in parts of Asia Minor.^[3] At Philadelphia, 20,000 Turkish soldiers (possibly those of Aydinids) were left dead, the work of the Catalans. The campaign was Byzantium's few decisive victories in a poorly managed war.

However, the Byzantines got more than what they bargained for; the mercenaries were difficult to restrain and consequently much of the reconquered territory was laid to waste. When their leader Roger de Flor was assassinated in Gallipoli on 3 April 1305 by Michael IX Palaeologus followed by a massacre of 1,300 Catalans,^[2] the mercenaries began a two-year pillage in revenge and crossed over to Thrace and Macedonia under the command of their new leader, Berenguer de Entenza,^[3] where further raiding occurred. As a result of this brutality, the Company got excommunicated by Pope Clement V.^[3] Eventually the Catalan mercenaries claimed the Duchy of Athens for themselves in 1311 and would remain there until 1379,^[3] leaving behind a devastated Byzantium. After this, the Turks found much support amongst those who suffered and reoccupied land that had been lost.

Thus, the Catalans' campaign was a short-term Byzantine victory, but benefited the Turks in the long term.

Strength of forces

Initially the Catalan Company, from Spain, arrived in Constantinople in 1303 with 39 ships and 6,500 men, which consisted of 1,500 horsemen, 4,000 Almogavars and 1,000 footsoldiers, most of whom were Valencians or Aragonese, Catalans from the Kingdom of Aragón.^[2][4][4][5] and later they were joined by 300 horsemen and Berenguer d'Entrança.^[6] After the murder of Roger de Flor the Byzantines killed so many of the Company that only 3,307 men remained.^[4] These numbers were further reduced to 206 horseman and 1,256 after an encounter with Genoese forces, according to Muntaner.^[4] Before leaving Gallipoli the company was joined by a Turkish force consisting of 800 horseman and 2,000 footsoldiers.^[4]

Ramón Muntaner who was a Spanish soldier from Catalonia and chronicler, wrote that during a battle in 1304 the Company fought against nearly 30,000 Turks (10,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry) of which 18,000 (6,000 cavalry and 12,000 infantry) supposedly lay dead.^[7]

Notes