Castner's Cutthroats

1st Alaskan Combat Intelligence Platoon
The last three surviving members of Castner's Cutthroats - Ed Walker (left), Earl Acuff (center), and Billy Buck - at the Anchorage Museum of Natural History in 2008 for an opening of an exhibition.
Active	1942 - 45
Country	United States of America
Branch	United States Army
Type	Reconnaissance platoon
Size	65 personnel
Nickname	"Castner's Cutthroats"; "Alaskan Scouts"
Engagements	World War II Aleutian Islands Campaign
Commanders
Notable commanders	Lawrence Varsi Castner

Castner's Cutthroats was the unofficial name for the 1st Alaskan Combat Intelligence Platoon (Provisional), also known as Alaskan Scouts. Castner's Cutthroats fought during World War II and were instrumental in defeating the Japanese during the Aleutian Islands Campaign. The unit was composed of just sixty-five men selected to perform reconnaissance missions in the Aleutian Islands during the war.^[1]

Background

The brainchild of Colonel Lawrence Varsi Castner (1902–49), an Army intelligence officer serving in General Simon Bolivar Buckner's Alaskan Defense Command, the band was organized in order to create a unit that was fully functional with only minimal outfitting.^[2] Castner chose men skilled at flourishing in the tough conditions of the Alaskan wilderness including the native Aleuts and Eskimos, sourdough prospectors, hunters, trappers and fishermen. Their background in survival and hunting made them ideal scouts. Hard and dangerous men, they often had names in keeping with their unit's nickname, such as Bad Whiskey Red, Aleut Pete and Waterbucket Ben.^[2] Appreciating their unique talents, Col. Castner did not enforce standard military procedures on his unit, who gave themselves the name "Cutthroats" in honor of their irregular status. They were given a great deal of freedom in order to get the job done.

The commanding officer chosen to lead Castner's Cutthroats was Captain Robert H. Thompson, a Montana State University football star from Moccasin, Montana. Thompson was hugely popular with his men and developed a deep love of Alaska. After leaving the Castner's Cutthroats, he stayed in Alaska as a guide, hunter and bush pilot until his accidental death in 1955.

He was joined in early 1942 by Lt. Earl C. Acuff, a University of Idaho graduate and rival football player. Acuff had been stationed on a remote Aleutian island to spy on Japanese planes. After several months went by without hearing from him, the army charged Castner's Cutthroats with recovery of his body. When they found him alive and well, he was quickly transferred to the Alaskan Scouts.

"I was living like a king. I was diving for king crab and eating fresh seafood and fowl -- wild ptarmigan, ducks and geese -- for dinner. They told me not to break radio sound unless I saw a Japanese plane, so I didn't. When the Alaskan Scouts came to 'rescue' me, they started thinking that maybe they'd like to stay with me." - Lt Acuff^[3]

Mission

Castner's Cutthroats played an integral role in the defense of Alaska during World War II. After the bombing of Dutch Harbor and Japanese invasion of the western Aleutian islands, they headed reconnaissance missions, particularly on the Japanese-occupied islands of Attu, Agattu, and Kiska. They also helped plan landing zones for amphibious assaults on the Japanese-held islands. During the American counterattack, Castner's Cutthroats main mission was to serve as guides and messengers for the army regulars. However, when battle preparations were being made to invade Attu, Agattu and Kiska, they warned the U.S. Army that wheeled vehicles would not function on the permafrost and the men would need to be outfitted with warm gear and plenty of food, a warning that was largely ignored. Consequently, many men owe their lives to Castner's Cutthroats for protecting them from the weather and providing them with food.

Adak Island landing strip

One of the major successes of Castner's Cutthroats was the building of an airfield on Adak Island. The army had lost several planes, not to the Japanese, but to Alaskan weather. In order to shorten the distance between the Japanese and American air bases, an airfield on Adak Island was proposed and Castner's Cutthroats were sent in to scout for a suitable location. Due to the mountainous terrain of the area, no acceptable site was available. Instead, Castner's Cutthroats dammed a lagoon and drained it to use the sandy bottom floor as a temporary landing strip. Engineers later came in and improved the area.

Equipment

Standard issue for Castner's Cutthroats was a Trapper Nelson pack, hunting knife, .22LR caliber target pistol and a sniper rifle, instead of the standard issue Springfield rifle, or M1 Garand. However, when it came to firearms, personal preference was the deciding factor. Al Brattain, a crack shot, preferred the M1 Garand because its reduced recoil did not spoil his aim. Trapper Nelson packs held all their supplies for their long mountainous treks. They lived off the land, which allowed them to stay light, unlike most military units of the time. To move from island to island, the men used canoes, from which they fished for salmon. The salmon was dried and stored for the winter, furthering the unit's ability to stay out in the field.

Memorial

In Kuluk Bay, Alaska, the Cutthroats staged a reconnaissance mission. At the spot on the beach where they first came ashore, a plaque has been erected which reads:

"On August 28, 1942, the U.S. Naval submarines, USS Triton and USS Tuna, surfaced 4 miles due east of this beach and disembarked a 37-man U.S. Army intelligence-gathering unit led by Colonel Lawrence V. Castner. The unit was known as "The Alaska Scouts", or more affectionately as "Castner's Cutthroats." Their mission was to gather information about the Japanese troop strength on Adak and to report their findings to the landing force already on its way from Dutch Harbor. No enemy troops were found, and on August 30, a 17-ship landing force with 4,500 men and tons of heavy equipment arrived. Their mission: to build an airstrip and troop staging area in preparation for the retaking of the enemy-occupied Aleutian Islands of Attu and Kiska. "^[4]

Aftermath

Castner retired from the military towards the end of World War II and remained in Alaska. After spending a year as a vice-president of the fledgling Alaska Airlines, he founded a cold storage and wholesaling business in Anchorage, and was regarded as an up-and-coming leader of the local business community. This would prove to be short-lived, as Castner died in December 1949. A short street in Anchorage, located near the KENI Radio Building, is named for him.

Ed Walker, one of the last surviving members of Castner's Cutthroats, died on October 28, 2011, at the age of 94 in Anchorage, Alaska.^[1]

Earl C. Acuff, died on February 13, 2013, at the age of 94 in Blacksburg, Virginia.^[5]

The last survivor Billy Buck is still living.

See also

• Alaska Territorial Guard

References

Further reading

• Samantha Seiple "Alaska's Cutthroats" Originally published in World War II magazine

Native Americans and World War II People Van T. Barfoot Jerry C. Begay Samuel Nathan Blatchford Pappy Boyington John Brown, Jr. Charles Chibitty Ernest Childers Thomas Claw Ernest E. Evans Edmond Harjo Roy W. Harmon Ira Hayes Philip Johnston Allen Dale June Joe Kieyoomia Jeff King Peter MacDonald Jack C. Montgomery Joe Morris, Sr. Chester Nez Lloyd Oliver Willard Varnell Oliver John N. Reese, Jr. Merril Sandoval Frank Tsosie Thompson Frank Chee Willeto Tribes Apache Blackfeet Cherokee Chitimacha Choctaw Comanche Hopi Iroquois Lakota Menominee Meskwaki Muscogee Navajo Ojibwe Akimel O'odham Tohono O'odham Osage Pawnee Potawatomi Seminole Shoshone Engagements 1st Philippines Solomon Islands New Guinea Aleutian Islands Gilbert and Marshall Islands Marianas and Palau Islands Normandy 2nd Philippines The Bulge Volcano and Ryukyu Islands Nagasaki See also Apache Scouts Arizona during World War II Castner's Cutthroats Choctaw code talkers Code talkers Eskimo Scouts Great Papago Escape Machita Incident Military history of the United States during World War II New Mexico during World War II