Carolina Dog

Carolina Dog

Other names	American Dingo Dixie Dingo North American Native Dog Indian's Dog
Nicknames	Ol' Yaller Yeller Dog Yellow Dog
Country of origin	USA
Classification / standards UKC Sighthounds & Pariahs standard
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

The Carolina Dog was originally a landrace or naturally selected type of dog which was discovered living as a wild dog or free roaming dog by Dr. I. Lehr Brisbin. Carolina Dogs are now bred and kept in captive collections or packs, and as pets. A breed standard has been developed by the United Kennel Club that now specifies the appearance of these dogs.^[1]

Carolina Dogs were discovered during the 1970s living in isolated stretches of longleaf pines and cypress swamps in the Southeastern United States.^[2] Carolina Dogs are a medium sized dog, that comes in varying shades of red ginger, buff, fawn, black, black and tan or piebald^[3] with or without small white markings on toes, chest, tail tip and muzzle. Frequently puppies have a melanistic mask that usually fades as the adult coat comes in.^[4]

Discovery

Dr. I. Lehr Brisbin Jr., a Senior Research Ecologist at the University of Georgia's Savannah River Ecology Lab, first came across a Carolina Dog while working at the Savannah River Site.

Horace, a stray white dog with brown markings, was wandering the site's boundary when he caught Brisbin’s attention. Brisbin, who had seen many rural dogs chained to the back of porches and doghouses, assumed this was just a normal stray. Many of these dogs roamed the woods and would turn up in humane traps, and Brisbin began to wonder how many more of these were in the wild. On a hunch, he went to the pound and was surprised by the resemblance the dog had to dingos.^[5]

Evidence of ancient roots

Physical

Some ancient paintings and rock art of Native Americans depict dogs that have physical traits similar to those of Carolina Dogs. Carolina Dogs also have a ginger-colored coat that is found on other wild dogs, including Australian Dingoes and Korea’s native dog, the Jindo.^[6] Also, fossils of the dogs of Native Americans exhibit similar bone structures to Carolina Dogs. Brisbin found a resemblance between 2,000-year-old skulls and those of the Carolina Dogs, but concluded that there was too large a difference to prove any connection.^[7] Along with this, DNA testing has pointed to a link.^[8]

Height: 17-24 inches (45–61 cm.) Weight: 30-65 pounds (15–20 kg.)

Dixie Dingo

Behavior

In the 1980s, most Carolina Dogs were moved to captivity for study.

Female dogs had three estrus cycles in quick succession, which settled into seasonal reproductive cycles when there was an abundance of puppies.^[5] Brisbin noted that this was most likely to ensure quick breeding before diseases, like heartworm, take their toll. Some pregnant dogs also dug dens in which to give birth.

After they gave birth or while pregnant, the dog would carefully push sand with her snout to cover her excrement. They were excellent at locating and catching small mammals e.g. shrews and mice, using a pouncing technique similar to a fox. The dogs also dug “snout pits”, or hundreds of tiny holes in the dirt that perfectly fit their muzzles during this time. More female dogs dug them than males.^[9]

Carolina Dog / American Dingo

Carolina dog "Hunter" that participated in DNA testing to establish ancient origin of the species

In the wild, Carolina Dogs lived in sparsely settled land instead of the highly populated areas stray dogs commonly occupied. When hunting, Carolina Dogs used an effective pack formation. They killed snakes using a whip-like motion, and preyed on small and medium-sized mammals such as raccoons.^[10]

Carolina Dogs were first noted on the Savannah River Site which by design was depopulated and secured of all trespass and traffic for decades beginning in 1950. The Savannah River Site was also one of two sites secluding South Carolina's deer population at the time of the discovery of the Carolina dog.

Temperament

Carolina Dogs are natural runners. They have excellent noses that help them hunt wild animals, when in the wild. When kept as pets, the breed requires moderate exercise and sufficient space. They need to be exposed to a lot of social activity from a young age. Once they are trained enough, they are said to make excellent family dogs.^[11]

DNA testing

The preliminary DNA testing may provide a link between primitive dogs and Carolina Dogs. Brisbin stated, “We grabbed them out of the woods based on what they look like, and if they were just dogs their DNA patterns should be well distributed throughout the canine family tree. But they aren't. They're all at the base of the tree, where you would find very primitive dogs.” This wasn’t conclusive, but it did spark interest into more extensive DNA testing.^[5]

The ancient Asian origin of the Carolina Dog was confirmed in 2012.^[12] Carolina dogs mitochondrial DNA carried mainly haplotypes (37%) that were unique and closest to East Asian dogs. Others were shared with Chinese non-breed dogs or a Japanese breed dog and the rest were non-specific European but universal haplotypes.^[13][14]

As a team led by Peter Savolainen, at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, reported in 2013, several dog breeds in the Americas — among them the Peruvian hairless, the Chihuahua and the Carolina dog — are without some genetic markers indicative of European origin, suggesting they arrived in an earlier migration from Asia.^[15][16]

Breed recognition and domestication

Carolina Dog

Carolina Dog puppy with the piebald coloring permitted (but not encouraged) by the breed standard, and a longer coat that is common in winter.

Carolina Dogs can be registered with the American Rare Breed Association^[17] and the United Kennel Club.^[18] ARBA includes the breed in its "Spitz and Primitive Group", which includes primitives such as the dingo and Canaan Dog. The UKC has classified them as a pariah dog, a class which includes other primitive breeds such as the Basenji of Africa and the Thai Ridgeback.

The word pariah is derived from a Tamil word, first used in English in 1613, to refer to the lowest level of the traditional Indian caste system; in English, it is used to mean "a social outcast".^[19] The Indian feral dog was considered an outcast as well. The term "pariah" when referring to feral or wild dogs of the Indian feral dog type is sometimes replaced with primitive, in the sense of "relating to an earliest or original stage or state" or "being little evolved from an early ancestral type".^[20]

It is assumed that dogs placed in "pariah" or "primitive" groups are of an older type than other modern dog breeds.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carolina Dog.

• Dingo
• New Guinea Singing Dog
• Indian pariah dog
• Rare breed (dog)
• Nureongi
• Formosan Mountain Dog
• Subspecies of Canis lupus

References

Dogs originating in the United States Extant Alaskan Husky Alaskan Klee Kai Alaskan Malamute American Bulldog American Cocker Spaniel American Foxhound American Hairless Terrier American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier American Water Spaniel Australian Shepherd Black and Tan Coonhound Black and Tan Virginia Foxhound Black Mouth Cur Blue Lacy Bluetick Coonhound Boston Terrier Boykin Spaniel Carolina Dog Catahoula Bulldog Catahoula Cur Chesapeake Bay Retriever Chinook Cur Dorset Olde Tyme Bulldogge English Coonhound English Shepherd Feist King Shepherd Kyi-Leo Longhaired Whippet Majestic Tree Hound McNab Miniature American Shepherd Miniature Australian Shepherd Mountain Cur Old Time Farm Shepherd Olde English Bulldogge Plott Hound Rat Terrier Redbone Coonhound Shiloh Shepherd Dog Silken Windhound Stephens Cur Swinford Bandog Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Texas Heeler Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Treeing Cur Treeing Tennessee Brindle Treeing Walker Coonhound Trigg Hound White Shepherd Extinct Hare Indian Dog Hawaiian Poi Dog Salish Wool Dog