Cariou v. Prince

Cariou v. Prince, 714 F. 3d 694 (2d Cir. 2013) is a copyright case in the United States Second Circuit Court of Appeals, on the question of whether artist Richard Prince's appropriation art treatment of Patrick Cariou's photographs was a copyright infringement or a fair use. The Second Circuit held in 2013 that Prince's appropriation art could constitute fair use, and that a number of his works were transformative fair uses of Cariou's photographs.[1] The Court remanded to the District Court for reconsideration of 5 of Prince's works, the Supreme Court denied cert., and the case settled in 2014.[1]

Background

Photographer Patrick Cariou published in 2000 Yes, Rasta a book of photographs of the rastafarian community in Jamaica.[1] Richard Prince in 2008 created "Canal Zone", a series of art works incorporating Cariou's photographs.[1] Prince's works involved copying the original photographs, and engaging in a variety of transformations. These included printing them, and then engaging in a variety of transformations, including increasing them in size, blurring or sharpening, adding content (sometimes in color), and sometimes compositing multiple photographs or photographs with other works.[1] Prince exhibited his collection at Gagosian Gallery.

In 2009, Cariou filed a copyright infringement suit against Richard Prince, as well as Gagosian Gallery, Larry Gagosian (the founder and owner of the gallery), and Rizzoli (which printed the exhibit catalog).[1]

Findings

The Southern District of New York (SDNY), in March 2011, held that Prince's works were infringing.[2] At that point, the Cariou v. Prince case received significant attention, because the SDNY ordered that Prince's unsold works, and Rizzoli's catalogs, be impounded and destroyed.[1] The SDNY in found that the works were not transformative, in part because Richard Prince did not claim to be "commenting upon" the original works.[2]

Prince, whose works often sell in galleries for many thousands of dollars, appealed to the Second Circuit. The case was of high interest to the art world, which largely favored Prince's position,[3] and to the photographic community, which largely favored Cariou's position.

In April 2013, the Second Circuit reversed the SDNY's decision, finding that most of Prince's works were indeed "transformative" to a "reasonable observer" and therefore fair use.[4] In particular, the Court found that the lower court erred in requiring that the appropriating artist claim to be commenting on the original work, and found works to be transformative if they presented a new aesthetic.[4] The court found 25 of 30 works to be transformative fair use under its standard, and remanded the case to the lower court for reconsideration of 5 of the works under the Second Circuit's new standard.[4]

On March 18, 2014, Cariou and Prince announced that they had settled the case.[1]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Brian Boucher, "Landmark Copyright Lawsuit Cariou v. Prince Is Settled", Art in America, March 18, 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cariou v. Prince, 784 F.Supp.2d 337 (SDNY 2011).
  3. ↑ See, e.g., the amicus brief submitted by the Warhol Foundation and the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation, which sided with Prince. (Brief, October 2013).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cariou v. Prince, 714 F.3d 694 (2d Cir. 2013).

Further reading