Calculus (disambiguation)

Look up calculus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Calculus (from Latin calculus meaning ‘pebble’, plural calculī) in its most general sense is any method or system of calculation.

Calculus may refer to:

Mathematics

• Calculus, short for "differential calculus" and "integral calculus", which investigate motion and rates of change
• Logical calculus, a formal system that defines a language and rules to derive an expression from premises.
• Calculus of sums and differences (difference operator), also called the finite-difference calculus, a discrete analogue of "calculus"
• In symbolic logic:
  • the propositional calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of propositions
  • the predicate calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of predicates
  • a proof calculus, a framework for expressing systems of logical inference
  • the sequent calculus, a proof calculus for first-order logic
• Bondi k-calculus, a method used in relativity theory
• Domain relational calculus, a calculus for the relational data model
• Epsilon calculus, a logical language which replaces quantifiers with the epsilon operator
• Fitch-style calculus, a method for constructing formal proofs used in first-order logic
• Functional calculus, a way to apply various types of functions to operators
• Join calculus, a theoretical model for distributed programming
• Jones calculus, used in optics to describe polarized light
• Lambda calculus, a formulation of the theory of reflexive functions that has deep connections to computational theory
• Matrix calculus, a specialized notation for multivariable calculus over spaces of matrices
• Modal μ-calculus, a common temporal logic used by formal verification methods such as model checking
• Mueller calculus, used in optics to handle Stokes vectors, which describe the polarization of incoherent light
• Non-standard calculus, an approach to infinitesimal calculus using Robinson's infinitesimals
• Pi-calculus, a formulation of the theory of concurrent, communicating processes that was invented by Robin Milner
• Refinement calculus, a way of refining models of programs into efficient programs
• Rho calculus, introduced as a general means to uniformly integrate rewriting and lambda calculus
• Schubert calculus, a branch of algebraic geometry
• Sequent calculus, a family of formal systems sharing a certain style of inference and certain formal properties
• Tensor calculus (also called tensor analysis), a generalization of vector calculus that encompasses tensor fields
• Tuple calculus, a calculus for the relational data model, inspired the SQL language
• Umbral calculus, the combinatorics of certain operations on polynomials
• The calculus of variations, a field of study that deals with extremizing functionals
• Vector calculus (also called vector analysis), comprising specialized notations for multivariable analysis of vectors in an inner-product space

Other meanings

• Calculus (dental), deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth, also known as tartar
• Calculus (medicine), a stone formed in the body such as a gall stone or kidney stone
• Battlefield calculus, military calculation of all known factors into the decision-making and action-planning process
• Calculus (spider), a genus of family Oonopidae
• Caseolus calculus, a genus and species of small land snails
• Professor Calculus, a fictional character in the comic-strip series The Adventures of Tintin
• Calculus of negligence, a legal standard in U.S. tort law to determine if a duty of care has been breached