Bursa

This article is about the city. For bursas in the human body, see Synovial bursa. For other uses, see Bursa (disambiguation).
Bursa
Metropolitan Municipality
Bursa Metropolitan Municipality

Top left: City center, Top right: Zafer Plaza AVM;
Middle left: Irgandı Bridge, Middle: Statue of Atatürk, Middle right: Bursa Clock Tower;
Bottom left: Bursa Botanical Park, Bottom right: City center
Bursa

Location of Bursa

Coordinates: 40°11′N 29°03′E / 40.183°N 29.050°ECoordinates: 40°11′N 29°03′E / 40.183°N 29.050°E
Country  Turkey
Region Marmara
Province Bursa
Settled 202 BC
Government
 • Mayor Recep Altepe (AKP)
Area
 • City 1,036 km2 (400 sq mi)
Elevation 100 m (300 ft)
Population (2014)[1][2]
 • Density 1,508.52/km2 (3,907.0/sq mi)
 • Metro 2.787.539
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 16000
Area code(s) (+90) 224
Licence plate 16
Website www.bursa.bel.tr
Official name Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iv, vi
Designated 2014 (38th session)
Reference no. 1452
State Party  Turkey
Region Europe and North America

Bursa is a large city in Turkey, located in northwestern Anatolia, within the Marmara Region. It is the fourth most populous city in Turkey and one of the most industrialized metropolitan centers in the country. The city is also the administrative center of Bursa Province.

Bursa was the first major and second overall capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1363. The city was referred to as Hüdavendigar (meaning "God's gift") during the Ottoman period, while a more recent nickname is Yeşil Bursa (meaning "Green Bursa") in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban fabric, as well as to the vast and richly varied forests of the surrounding region. The ski resort of Mount Uludağ towers over it. The mountain was called the Mysian Olympus by the Romans who lived there before. Bursa has rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa and the city's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period. Bursa also has thermal baths and several museums, including a museum of archaeology.

The shadow play characters Karagöz and Hacivat are based on historic personalities who lived and died in Bursa. Bursa is also home to some of the most famous Turkish dishes such as İskender kebap, specially candied marron glacés, peaches and Turkish Delight. Bursa houses the Uludağ University, and its population can claim one of the highest overall levels of education in Turkey. The historic towns of İznik (Nicaea), Mudanya and Zeytinbağı are all situated in Bursa Province.

According to the Turkish Statistical Institute, in 2011 the city of Bursa had a population of 2,704,441 and its metropolitan municipality 2,948,744.[1][2]

History of Bursa

Historical population
YearPop.±%
148745,000—    
1927 61,451+36.6%
1955 128,875+109.7%
1980487,604+278.4%
2000 1,184,144+142.8%
—    
The earliest known settlement at this location was the ancient Greek city of Cius, which Philip V of Macedon granted to Prusias I, the King of Bithynia, in 202 BC. Prusias rebuilt the city and renamed it Prusa (Ancient Greek: Προῦσα). After 128 years of Bithynian rule, Nicomedes IV, the last King of Bithynia, bequeathed the entire kingdom to the Roman Empire in 74 BC. An early Roman Treasure was found in the vicinity of Bursa in the early 20th century. Composed of a woman's silver toilet articles, it is now in the British Museum.[3]
A view of Bursa in the 1890s
A view of Bursa in 2013

Bursa became the first major capital city of the early Ottoman Empire following its capture from the Byzantines in 1326. As a result, the city witnessed a considerable amount of urban growth throughout the 14th century. After conquering Edirne (Adrianople) in East Thrace, the Ottomans turned it into the new capital city in 1363, but Bursa retained its spiritual and commercial importance in the Ottoman Empire.[4] The Ottoman sultan Bayezid I built the Bayezid Külliyesi (Bayezid I theological complex) in Bursa between 1390 and 1395[5] and the Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque) between 1396 and 1400.[6] Bursa remained to be the most important administrative and commercial center in the empire until Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453. The population of Bursa was 45,000 in 1487.[7]

During the Ottoman period, Bursa continued to be the source of most royal silk products. Aside from the local silk production, the city imported raw silk from Iran, and occasionally from China, and was the main production center for the kaftans, pillows, embroidery and other silk products for the Ottoman palaces until the 17th century.

Following the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Bursa became one of the industrial centers of the country. The economic development of the city was followed by population growth and Bursa became the 4th most populous city in Turkey.

The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major center for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most recent arrival of Balkan Turks took place in the 1940s until the 1990s, when the communist regime in Bulgaria expelled approximately 150,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey.[8] About one-third of these 150,000 Bulgarian Turkish refugees eventually settled in Bursa.

Geography

Bursa is settled on the northwestern slopes of Mount Uludağ in the southern Marmara Region. It is the capital city of Bursa Province bordered by the Sea of Marmara and Yalova to the north; Kocaeli and Sakarya to the northeast; Bilecik to the east; and Kütahya and Balıkesir to the south.

Climate

Bursa has a borderline Mediterranean/humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa/Cfa). The city has hot, humid summers that last from June until September. Winters are cold and damp, also containing the most rainfall. There can be snow on the ground which will last for a week or two. In the mountains; especially Uludağ, it is freezing and snows all winter. Summer in the mountains is pleasantly warm.

Climate data for Bursa
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.2
(77.4)		 26.9
(80.4)		 30.6
(87.1)		 34.6
(94.3)		 35.9
(96.6)		 41.3
(106.3)		 43.8
(110.8)		 41.2
(106.2)		 38.9
(102)		 37.3
(99.1)		 28.5
(83.3)		 27.3
(81.1)		 43.8
(110.8)
Average high °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3)		 10.7
(51.3)		 13.8
(56.8)		 18.9
(66)		 23.8
(74.8)		 28.5
(83.3)		 30.8
(87.4)		 30.7
(87.3)		 27.0
(80.6)		 21.6
(70.9)		 15.9
(60.6)		 11.2
(52.2)		 20.21
(68.38)
Average low °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9)		 2.1
(35.8)		 3.7
(38.7)		 7.3
(45.1)		 11.2
(52.2)		 15.1
(59.2)		 17.4
(63.3)		 17.3
(63.1)		 13.6
(56.5)		 10.1
(50.2)		 5.7
(42.3)		 3.3
(37.9)		 9.03
(48.27)
Record low °C (°F) −11.8
(10.8)		 −16.4
(2.5)		 −8.0
(17.6)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 1.6
(34.9)		 5.2
(41.4)		 9.6
(49.3)		 10.1
(50.2)		 5.0
(41)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −8.4
(16.9)		 −16.4
(2.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 79.5
(3.13)		 72.2
(2.843)		 66.8
(2.63)		 65.6
(2.583)		 44.6
(1.756)		 34.6
(1.362)		 17.7
(0.697)		 18.9
(0.744)		 43.2
(1.701)		 75.3
(2.965)		 83.2
(3.276)		 100.9
(3.972)		 702.5
(27.659)
Avg. rainy days 13.9 13.0 12.5 11.8 8.2 6.0 3.4 3.8 5.8 9.7 11.4 14.0 113.5
Avg. snowy days 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 14
Average relative humidity (%) 75 75 75 72 72 67 65 65 67 73 75 76 71.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 96.1 89.6 130.2 168 251.1 303 334.8 306.9 234 167.4 120 89.9 2,291
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[9]

Economy

Kent Meydanı AVM shopping center
The glass pyramid entrance of Zafer Plaza AVM shopping center

Bursa is the center of the Turkish automotive industry.[10][11] Factories of motor vehicle producers like Fiat, Renault and Karsan, as well as automotive parts producers like Bosch, Mako, Valeo, Johnson Controls, Delphi and MGI Coutier have been active in the city for decades. The textile and food industries are equally strong, with Coca Cola, Pepsi Cola and other beverage brands, as well as fresh and canned food industries being present in the city's organized industrial zones.

The top 10 industry corporations in the Bursa province are as follows:[12]

Apart from its large automotive industry, Bursa also produces a substantial amount of dairy products (by Sütaş'),[13] processed food (by Tat),[14] and beverages (by Uludağ).[15]

Traditionally, Bursa was famous for being the largest center of silk trade in the Byzantine and later the Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative Silk Road. The city is still a major center for textiles in Turkey and is home to the Bursa International Textiles and Trade Center (Bursa Uluslararası Tekstil ve Ticaret Merkezi, or BUTTIM). Bursa was also known for its fertile soil and agricultural activities, which have decreased in the recent decades due to the heavy industrialization of the city.

Bursa is a major center for tourism. One of the most popular skiing resorts of Turkey is located at Mount Uludağ, just next to the city proper. Bursa's thermal baths have been used for therapeutical purposes since Roman times. Apart from the baths that are operated by hotels, Uludağ University has a physical therapy center which also makes use of thermal water.

Transportation

Bursa has a metro (Bursaray), trams[16] and bus system for inner-city public transport, while taxi cabs are also available. Bursa's Yenişehir Airport is 20 mi (32 km) away from the city center. The citizens of Bursa also prefer Istanbul's airports such as Atatürk International Airport and Sabiha Gökçen International Airport for flights to foreign countries, due to Istanbul's proximity to Bursa. There are numerous daily bus and ferry services between the two cities.

The 8.8 km (5.5 mi) long Bursa Uludağ Gondola (Turkish: Teleferik) connects Bursa with the ski resort areas 1,870 m (6,140 ft) high on the mountain Uludağ.

Education

Uludağ University

Bursa has two public universities and one private university. Uludağ University, founded in 1975, is the oldest institution of higher education in the city. Founded first as the Bursa University then renamed Uludağ University in 1982, the university has a student body of 47,000, one of the largest in Turkey. Bursa Technical University[17] is the second public university of Bursa and was established in 2010, beginning education in the 2011–2012 academic year.

The first private university of Bursa is the Bursa Orhangazi University,[18] which started education in the 2012–2013 academic year. Istanbul Commerce University has opened graduate programs in the city in 2013.[19]

Sports

Bursa Atatürk Stadium

The city has one professional football club, Bursaspor, which competes in the Turkish Super League, the top-tier of Turkish football. Bursaspor has won its first league title in the 2009–10 Turkish Super League season, becoming the second Anatolian club to ever win the league title after Trabzonspor. Bursaspor is today considered one of the five biggest football clubs in Turkey along with Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş and Trabzonspor.

The city had a professional basketball team in the Turkish Basketball League, Tofaş S.K., which was among the most successful teams; until it stopped participating in the league following a decision by the automobile manufacturer Tofaş, its sponsor and parent company.

Main sights

Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque)

Interior of the Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque), showing the fountain (şadırvan) for ritual ablutions.

Ulu Cami is the largest mosque in Bursa and a landmark of early Ottoman architecture, which carried many elements from the Seljuk architecture. Ordered by Sultan Bayezid I, the mosque was designed and built by architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1400. It is a large and rectangular building, with a total of twenty domes that are arranged in four rows of five, and are supported by 12 columns. Supposedly the twenty domes were built instead of the twenty separate mosques which Sultan Bayezid I had promised for winning the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. The mosque has two minarets.

Inside the mosque there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by the famous calligraphers of that period. There is also a fountain (şadırvan) where worshipers can perform ritual ablutions before prayer; the dome over the şadırvan is capped by a skylight which creates a soft, serene light below; thus playing an important role in the illumination of the large building.

The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior is designed to feel peaceful and contemplative. The subdivisions of space formed by multiple domes and pillars create a sense of privacy and even intimacy. This atmosphere contrasts with the later Ottoman mosques (see for example the works of Suleiman the Magnificent's chief architect Mimar Sinan.) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by the design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia, had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming; in order to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State.

Places of interest

A brief list of places of interest in and around Bursa is presented below. For a longer list, see places of interest in Bursa.

Mosques and külliye complexes

Bazaars and caravanserais

Other historic monuments

Museums

Parks and gardens

Hot springs and thermal baths

Beaches

Images from Bursa

Twin towns—Sister cities

Bursa is twinned with:[20]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ↑ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Kosovo. The latter declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. Kosovo's independence has been recognised by 108 out of 193 United Nations member states.
References
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 - 2011
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1
  3. ↑ British Museum Collection
  4. ↑ "In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  5. ↑ "Bayezid I Complex". ArchNet. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  6. ↑ "Great Mosque of Bursa". ArchNet. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  7. ↑ The city in the Islamic world, Volume 1, ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli, André Raymond, page 362.
  8. ↑ Eminov, Ali, Turks and Other Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria, New York, Routledge, 1997, Hoepken, W., "Modernnisierung und Nationalismus: Sizialgeschichtliche Aspeckte der Bulgarischen Minder hertenpolitik gegennüber den Türken", Schönfeld, R., ed, Nationalitätenprobleme in Südosteuropa, Munich, Oldenbourg, 1997, p. 255-303, Erdinç, Didar, "Bulgaristan'daki Değişim Sürecinde Türk Azınlığın Ekonomik Durumu", Türkler, Ankara, 2002, s.394–400.
  9. ↑ Turkish State Meteorological Service
  10. ↑ "Turkey’s automotive industry going nonstop". Today's Zaman. 2007-05-05. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  11. ↑ "TAYSAD met its members from Bursa". TAYSAD. 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  12. ↑ "Bursa'nın İlk 250 Sanayi Kuruluşu". BTSO. 2008.
  13. ↑ Sütaş Dairy Products
  14. ↑ Tat Food Company
  15. ↑ Uludağ Beverages
  16. ↑ Bursa circular tramway opens - Railway Gazette
  17. ↑ "Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi". Btu.edu.tr. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  18. ↑ "Bursa Orhangazi Üniversitesi". Bou.edu.tr. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  19. ↑ "Istanbul Commerce University at Bursa" (in Turkish).
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Kardeş Şehirler". Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  21. ↑ "Städtepartnerschaften und Internationales". Büro für Städtepartnerschaften und internationale Beziehungen (in German). Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  22. ↑ "Ystävyyskaupungit (Twin Cities)". Oulun kaupunki (City of Oulu) (in Finnish). Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  23. ↑ "Turkey's Bursa, Kosovo's Pristina become sister cities" worldbulletin.net 2 September 2010 Link accessed 2 September 2010
  24. ↑ "Twin cities of the City of Kosice". Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr. Retrieved 2013-07-27.

External links

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