Burmese general election, 1960

Burmese general election, 1960
Burma
6 February 1960
All 183 seats to the Burmese Chamber of Deputies

Prime Minister before election

Ne Win
Military

Prime Minister-elect

U Nu
AFPFL

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Burma

Politics portal

Burma held its third general election on 6 February 1960 to decide which faction of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) should take over from General Ne Win's interim administration, established in October 1958. The military-led administration was credited for bringing stability and improving infrastructure in the country, though it suppressed some civil liberties.[1]

The election was seen as not so much a contest between former Premier U Nu and associates against former colleagues U Kyaw Nyein and U Ba Swe, but a referendum on the policies of the interim military government between 1958 and 1960.[2] The "Clean AFPFL" faction led by former Premier U Nu won the election with a majority of seats. The communist-orientated National United Front (NUF) won no seats, compared to the 1956 election.[1]

The election set a precedent to other Middle Eastern and South Asian leaders, where the military voluntary handed over to a civilian government and held free elections.[3] However, two years after his election victory, Nu was overthrown by a coup d'état led by General Ne Win on 2 March 1962.

Political parties

The "Clean AFPFL", led by U Nu, and "Stable AFPFL", led by U Kyaw Nyein and U Ba Swe, formed after a split in the main AFPFL party in April 1958.[4] Until the military took over in October 1958, U Nu relied on the communists to retain a majority in parliament.[5]

Despite the formation of the two parties, there were no major ideological differences between them and their policies were similar, especially with regards to non-alignment, although the "Stable" faction favoured industrialisation and the "Clean" faction spoke more of agricultural development.[4] The "Stable" faction had given the impression it was favoured by the army, but, after realising the army was not as favoured as first thought, distanced itself.[4] It had also argued it represented stability.[6] Meanwhile, the "Clean" faction warned against the "dangers of fascist dictatorship",[7] and criticised the current leaders for their "drinking and womanising".[8] The communist NUF was severely repressed by the caretaker military government and was therefore outside the two main parties.[9]

The Clean AFPFL chose yellow to campaign, as it was the colour worn by monks, while the Stable AFPFL chose red and the National Union Front chose blue.[7]

Polling day

An estimated 10,000,000 Burmese were eligible to vote.[10] The military largely stayed away on voting day, although it was present at some ballot boxes. Boxes for the "Clean" faction featured pictures of U Nu which the "Stable" faction and other smaller parties alleged confused the voter into thinking they were voting for Nu personally.[9] Polls closed at 6pm and a crowd estimated at 20,000 gathered at the Sule Pagoda in the capital Rangoon to hear results as they were posted.[4] The "Clean" faction took all 9 seats in the capital including one they were prepared to concede, while the "Stable" faction had some strength in the countryside.[11]

Media coverage of the event was restricted to print media only and vigorously covered, but was largely ignored by the state-run Burma Broadcasting Service which had not aired opposition coverage since before the AFPFL split.[9]

Results

House of Representatives

Party Votes % Seats +/–
Clean AFPFL3,153,93457.2158New
Stable AFPFL1,694,05230.741New
National United Front262,1994.83–45
Arkan National Unity Organisation160,7837.360
Shan State United Hill People's Organisation6+4
Kachin National Congress3+1
Mon National Front3New
People's Educational and Cultural Development Organisation2–2
Chin National Organisation1New
Kayah National Unity League1New
Kayah Democratic League1New
Independents16+3
Vacant13
Total5,513,8951002500
Registered voters/turnout10,000,00066.0
Source: The 1960 Elections Burma, Nohlen et al.

Chamber of Nationalities

Party Votes % Seats
Clean AFPFL 53
Stable AFPFL 29
Minority parties 43
Total 125
Source: Nohlen et al.

Turnout was 66%, then the highest in a Burmese election.[12] U Nu, remarking on his victory, said "I guess people like us".[7]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Bigelow, Lee S (1960). "The 1960 Elections in Burma". Far Eastern Survey (Institute of Pacific Relations) 29 (5): 70–74. doi:10.1525/as.1960.29.5.01p13582. JSTOR 3024046.
  2. Rotberg, Robert I (1998). Burma: prospects for a democratic future. Brookings Institution Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8157-7581-2.
  3. Butwell, Richard; von der Mehden, Fred (1960). "The 1960 Election in Burma". Pacific Affairs (Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia) 33 (2): 144–157. JSTOR 2752941.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Grant, Bruce (8 February 1960). "All Asia is watching Burma's democratic election". The Age.
  5. "General Ne Win bows out". The Glasgow Herald. 10 February 1960.
  6. Associated Press (9 February 1960). "'Foes' of corruption win easily in Burma election". Herald-Journal.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Associated Press (10 February 1960). "U Nu victory changes trend". The Spokesman-Review.
  8. Grant, Bruce (9 February 1960). "Burma states her policy". The Age.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Butwell, Richard (1960). "The new political outlook in Burma". Far Eastern Survey (Institute of Pacific Relations) 29 (2): 21–27. doi:10.1525/as.1960.29.2.01p1337u. JSTOR 3024460.
  10. United Press International (7 February 1960). "Burma voters cast ballots for deputies". St. Petersburg Times.
  11. Associated Press (9 February 1960). "U Nu 'cleans' bidding for sweep in voting". Daytona Beach Morning Journal.
  12. Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p603 ISBN 0-19-924958-X