Brothers of Jesus

The New Testament describes James, Joseph (Joses), Judas (Jude) and Simon as brothers of Jesus. Also mentioned, but not named, are sisters of Jesus. Some scholars argue that these brothers, especially James,[1] held positions of special honor in the early Christian church. Antidicomarianites and many critical scholars claim that these brothers and sisters refer to the biological children of Mary and Joseph.

Followers of the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox traditions, as well as some Anglicans and Lutherans, believe in the perpetual virginity of Mary, as did the Protestant leaders Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Wesley. Those who hold this belief reject the claim that Jesus had blood siblings and maintain that these brothers and sisters received this designation because of their close association with the family of Jesus, and are actually either his cousins or children of Joseph from a previous marriage.

In the 3rd century, blood relatives of Jesus, without explicit reference to brothers or sisters, were called the desposyni,[2] from the Greek δεσπόσυνοι, plural of δεσπόσυνος, meaning "of or belonging to the master or lord".[3] The term was used by Sextus Julius Africanus, a writer of the early 3rd century.

Jesus' brothers and sisters

The Gospel of Mark 6:3 and the Gospel of Matthew 13:55-56 state that a James, Joses (or Joseph), Judas, and Simon were the brothers of Jesus, the son of Mary. The same verses also mention unnamed sisters of Jesus. Another verse in the Epistle to the Galatians 1:19 mentions seeing James, "the Lord's brother", and none other of the apostles except Peter, when he went to Jerusalem after his conversion. The "brothers of the Lord" are also mentioned, alongside (but separate from) Cephas and the apostles in 1 Corinthians 9:5, in which it is mentioned that they had wives. Some scholars go on to claim that Jesus' relatives may have held positions of authority in the Jerusalem area until Trajan excluded Jews from the new city that he built on its ruins.[4]

That the children were children of both Mary and Joseph was accepted by some members of the early Christian church, including Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 225).[5] The 3rd-century Antidicomarianites ("Anti-Mary") maintained that, when Joseph became Mary's husband, he was a widower with six children, and that he had normal marital relations with Mary, but they later held that Jesus was not born of these relations.[6] The Bonosians were followers of Bonosus, a bishop who in the late 4th century held that Mary had other children after Jesus, a view for which the other bishops of his province condemned him.[7] Jovinian, and various Arian teachers such as Photinus held a similar view. When Helvidius proposed it, again in the late 4th century, Jerome, apparently representing the general opinion of the Church, maintained that Mary remained always a virgin; he held that those who were called the brothers and sisters of Jesus were actually children of her sister, another Mary, whom he considered the wife of Clopas.[5][8] The terms "brothers" and "sisters" as used in this context are open to different interpretations,[9] and have been argued to refer to children of Joseph by a previous marriage (the view of Epiphanius of Salamis), Mary's sister's children (the view of Jerome), or children of Clopas, who according to Hegesippus was Joseph's brother,[10] and of a woman who was not a sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus (a modern proposal).[5] Certain critical scholars say that the doctrine of perpetual virginity has obscured recognition that Jesus had siblings.[11]

As church leaders

According to Robert Funk, the Gospel of Mark shows that Jesus' mother and brothers were at first sceptical of Jesus' ministry but later became part of the Christian movement.[12] James, "the Lord's brother", presided over the Jerusalem church after the apostles dispersed and other kinsmen probably exercised some leadership among the Christians in the area until the emperor Hadrian built Aelia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusalem and banished all Jews from there (c. 135), after which point the Jerusalem Christians were entirely of Gentile origin.[13] Traditionally it is believed the Jerusalem Christians waited out the Jewish–Roman wars (66–135) in Pella in the Decapolis. The Jerusalem Sanhedrin relocated to Jamnia sometime c. 70.

At an earlier stage James "the Lord's brother" (Galatians 1:19) is said to have been granted a special appearance by the resurrected Jesus.[14] When Peter the Apostle, a leader of the church in Jerusalem left, it was James who became the principal authority and was held in high regard by the Jewish Christians.[15] Hegesippus reports that he was executed by the Sanhedrin in 62.[15]

Sextus Julius Africanus's reference to "Desposyni" (blood relatives of Jesus) is preserved in Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History:[16]

For the relatives of our Lord according to the flesh, whether with the desire of boasting or simply wishing to state the fact, in either case truly, have handed down the following account... But as there had been kept in the archives up to that time the genealogies of the Hebrews as well as of those who traced their lineage back to proselytes, such as Achior the Ammonite and Ruth the Moabitess, and to those who were mingled with the Israelites and came out of Egypt with them, Herod, inasmuch as the lineage of the Israelites contributed nothing to his advantage, and since he was goaded with the consciousness of his own ignoble extraction, burned all the genealogical records, thinking that he might appear of noble origin if no one else were able, from the public registers, to trace back his lineage to the patriarchs or proselytes and to those mingled with them, who were called Georae. A few of the careful, however, having obtained private records of their own, either by remembering the names or by getting them in some other way from the registers, pride themselves on preserving the memory of their noble extraction. Among these are those already mentioned, called Desposyni, on account of their connection with the family of the Saviour. Coming from Nazara and Cochaba, villages of Judea, into other parts of the world, they drew the aforesaid genealogy from memory and from the book of daily records as faithfully as possible. Whether then the case stand thus or not no one could find a clearer explanation, according to my own opinion and that of every candid person. And let this suffice us, for, although we can urge no testimony in its support, we have nothing better or truer to offer. In any case the Gospel states the truth." And at the end of the same epistle he adds these words: "Matthan, who was descended from Solomon, begat Jacob. And when Matthan was dead, Melchi, who was descended from Nathan begat Eli by the same woman. Eli and Jacob were thus uterine brothers. Eli having died childless, Jacob raised up seed to him, begetting Joseph, his own son by nature, but by law the son of Eli. Thus Joseph was the son of both.
—Eusebius of Caesarea ,  Historia Ecclesiae, 1:7:11, 1:7:13–14

Eusebius has also preserved an extract from a work by Hegesippus (c.110–c.180), who wrote five books (now lost except for some quotations by Eusebius) of Commentaries on the Acts of the Church. The extract refers to the period from the reign of Domitian (81–96) to that of Trajan (98–117), and includes the statement that two Desposyni brought before Domitian later became leaders of the churches:[17]

There still survived of the kindred of the Lord the grandsons of Judas, who according to the flesh was called his brother. These were informed against, as belonging to the family of David, and Evocatus brought them before Domitian Caesar: for that emperor dreaded the advent of Christ, as Herod had done.

So he asked them whether they were of the family of David; and they confessed they were. Next he asked them what property they had, or how much money they possessed. They both replied that they had only 9000 denaria between them, each of them owning half that sum; but even this they said they did not possess in cash, but as the estimated value of some land, consisting of thirty-nine plethra only, out of which they had to pay the dues, and that they supported themselves by their own labour. And then they began to hold out their hands, exhibiting, as proof of their manual labour, the roughness of their skin, and the corns raised on their hands by constant work.

Being then asked concerning Christ and His kingdom, what was its nature, and when and where it was to appear, they returned answer that it was not of this world, nor of the earth, but belonging to the sphere of heaven and angels, and would make its appearance at the end of time, when He shall come in glory, and judge living and dead, and render to every one according to the course of his life.

Thereupon Domitian passed no condemnation upon them, but treated them with contempt, as too mean for notice, and let them go free. At the same time he issued a command, and put a stop to the persecution against the Church.

When they were released they became leaders of the churches, as was natural in the case of those who were at once martyrs and of the kindred of the Lord. And, after the establishment of peace to the Church, their lives were prolonged to the reign of Trajan.

— Eusebius of Caesarea ,  Historia Ecclesiae, 3:20

Degree of consanguinity between Jesus and his brothers

The New Testament names James the Just, Joses, Simon, and Jude as the brothers (Greek adelphoi) of Jesus (Mark 6:3, Matthew 13:55, John 7:3, Acts 1:14, 1 Corinthians 9:5.[18])

The etymology of the word "brother" (adelphos) originally comes from "of the same womb" ("a-delphys"),[19] though, in New Testament usage, the Christian and Jewish meaning of "brethren" is wider, and is applied even to members of the same religious community.[20] There is disagreement from an early date over whether the Greek term adelphos applied in these accounts to people described as adelphoi of Jesus means that they full brothers, half brothers, stepbrothers, or cousins. According to some scholars the most natural inference from the New Testament is that the adelphoi were children of Mary and Joseph born after Jesus.[18] Tertullian, possibly Hegesippus, and Helvidius accepted this view.[18] In reference to this it is occasionally noted that James (Jacob Iakobos) as oldest of the brothers takes the name of Joseph's father (also James, Iakobos in the Solomonic genealogy of Jesus in Matthew), when in Bible times the grandson occasionally gets the name of the grandfather.[21]

The term "brother" (adelphos) is distinct in Greek from "cousin" (anepsios), and the second-century Christian writer Hegesippus distinguishes between those who were "cousins" of Jesus (anepsioi) and his "brothers."[22]

Relationship of Jesus' siblings to Mary

By the 3rd century the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary was well established and defended by Hippolytus, Eusebius and Epiphanius, important early Christian theologians. Much of the church therefore did not accept that Mary could have had any children apart from Jesus.[18] Eusebius and Epiphanius held that these men were Joseph's sons from (an unrecorded) former marriage.[18] Jerome, another important early theologian, also followed the perpetual virginity doctrine, but argued that these adelphoi were sons of Mary's sister, whom Jerome identified as Mary of Cleopas.[18][23] The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church mentions that a modern scholar, whom it does not identify, has proposed that these men were the sons of Clopas (Joseph's brother according to Hegesippus) and Mary, the wife of Cleopas (not necessarily referring to Jesus' mother's sister).[18]

Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox doctrine is that Mary was a perpetual virgin;[24] this view was also held by many of the early Protestants, including Luther[25] and Zwingli,[26] as well as John Wesley, the 18th century Methodist leader.[27] Indeed, the majority of early Christians seem to have left this doctrine completely unquestioned. The Roman Catholic Church, following Jerome, conclude that the adelphoi were Jesus' cousins, but the Eastern Orthodox, following Eusebius and Epiphanius, argue that they were Joseph's children by his (unrecorded) first wife.

Modern Protestants view the adelphoi as Jesus' half-brothers or do not specify, since the accounts in the Gospels do not speak of Mary's relationship to them but only to Jesus.[28][29]

In the Book of Genesis, all the other sons of Jacob are repeatedly called brothers of Joseph, although they were children of different mothers.[30] Similarly, in the Second Book of Samuel Tamar is described as a sister both of Amnon and of Absalom,[31] though these were David's sons by different mothers.[32]

A small number of early groups, notably some Ebionites, rejected belief in the virgin birth of Jesus and held that Joseph was the biological father of Jesus, making the brothers of Jesus full brothers.

Scholars of the Jesus Seminar suggest that the doctrine of Mary's perpetual virginity has impeded recognition that Jesus had full brothers and sisters.[11]

Family trees and pedigrees

Aside from the genealogies of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke and Gospel of Matthew, there have been several presentations of theories about a family tree of Jesus' immediate nuclear family:

In the article "The 'Brethren of the Lord'" in A Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture,[33] gives the following tree.

      Anne=Joachim          Jacob
          |                   |
          |       ____________________________
          |       |                          |
          |       |                          |
         Mary=Joseph                      Clopas=another Mary
          |                                     |
        Jesus                     _____________________________
                                  |         |        |        |   
                                  |         |        |        |
                                James      Joses    Simon    Jude

In a book produced by Augsburg Fortress, the official publishing house of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,[34] John J. Rousseau and Rami Arav present the following diagram[35] of relationships in line with their view that the brothers and sisters mentioned were children of Joseph and Mary, whom they believe to have had marital relations in the at least twelve years that Joseph lived after the birth of Jesus, although the Luke 2 account of their journey to the temple when Jesus was twelve makes no mention of other children in the caravan.

        __________________________________________
        |                                        |
        |                                        |
 Mary=Joseph                                   Cleopas=another Mary
     |                                                |
     |______________________________________          |
     |    |     |     |     |      |      |           Simeon
     |    |     |     |     |      |      |           d. 106
    Jesus James Joses Simon Sister Sister Jude
          d.62                             |
            |                            Menahem
          Jude                           ____|____
            |                            |        |
         Elzasus                       James     Zoker
            |                                 ?
          Nascien                             |
                                      Bishop Judah Kyriakos
                                         fl. c. 148–49.

James Tabor's theory

The following represents James Tabor's attempted reconstruction. The view has not found wide support among other scholars.

                          Matthat bar Levi
                                  |
        Eleazar                   |
        |                     Heli/Eliakim
        |                           |
        Matthan              _______|___________
        |                   |                   |
        |                   |                   |
    Mary + GOD         = Joseph (1st) =   Clophas (2nd)
          |                                     |
          |               ______________________|_________
          Jesus          |      |     |      |      |     |
          5 BCE – CE 28. |      |     |      |      |     |
                       James  Jose  Judas  Simon  Mary  Salome
                         d. CE 62     |   d. CE 101
                                  ____|____
                                 |         |
                                 |         |
                             Zechariah   James
                           alive in the reign of Domitian

Interpersonal relationship with Jesus in the New Testament

According to the Synoptic Gospels, and particularly the Gospel of Mark, Jesus was once teaching a large crowd near the home of his own family, and when this came to their attention, his family went to see him and "they" (not specified) said that Jesus was "...out of his mind."

Then he went home; and the crowd came together again, so that they could not even eat. When his family heard it, they went out to restrain him, for people were saying, ‘He has gone out of his mind.’
— Mark 3:20–21 NRSV.
And he comes back home, and the crowd gathers again, to the point where they couldn't even eat a meal. Hearing of that, his folks came out [from Nazareth] intending to take him away, saying, 'He's gone mad!'
— Mark 3:20–21 (Gaus, Andy (1991), Unvarnished New Testament).
And He came home, and the crowd gathered again, to such an extent that they could not even eat a meal. When His own people heard of this, they went out to take custody of Him; for they were saying, 'He has lost His senses.'

In the narrative of the Synoptic Gospels, and of the Gospel of Thomas, when Jesus' mother and adelphoi are outside the house that Jesus is teaching in, Jesus tells the crowd that whoever does what God wills would constitute his mother and adelphoi. According to Kilgallen, Jesus' answer was a way of underlining that his life had changed to the degree that his family were far less important than those that he teaches about the Kingdom of God. The Gospel of John states that Jesus' adelphoi did not believe in him, because he would not perform miracles with them at the Feast of Tabernacles.

Some scholars have suggested that the portrayal in the Gospel of Mark of the initial rejection of Jesus by his family may be related to the tension between Paul of Tarsus and Jewish Christians, who held Jesus' family in high regard, for example at the Council of Jerusalem.[36][37][38][39][40]

In popular culture

The idea of Jesus having relatives features in the following tales:

References

  1. ↑ Paul the Apostle refers to James as "the Lord's brother" and as one of the "pillars" alongside Cephas and John Galatians 1:18–19;2:9–10
  2. ↑ Africanus, Julius, The Epistle to Aristides, p. 242.
  3. ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert, A Greek-English Lexicon.
  4. ↑ Cross, FL, ed. (2005), "Jerusalem", The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, New York: Oxford University Press.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cross, FL, ed. (2005), "Brethren of the Lord", The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, New York: Oxford University Press.
  6. ↑ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity (Scarecrow Press 2012 ISBN 978-0-81087179-3), p. 31
  7. ↑ Brackney 2012, p. 57
  8. ↑ Painter, John (2004), Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition, University of South Carolina Press, p. 326.
  9. ↑ Brown, Raymond Edward; Achtemeier, Paul J (1978), Mary in the New Testament: A Collaborative Assessment by Protestant and Roman Catholic Scholars, Paulist Press, pp. 65–68, ISBN 0-8091-2168-9.
  10. ↑ of Caesarea, Eusebius, "11", Church History, Book III.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Funk 1998, pp. 51–161.
  12. ↑ Funk 1998, pp. 527–34.
  13. ↑ Cross, FL, ed. (2005), "Jerusalem", The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press.
  14. ↑ 1 Corinthians 15:7
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cross, FL, ed. (2005), "James, St", The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press.
  16. ↑ of Cæsarea, Eusebius, "Ecclesiastical history", Bibliotheca Augustana, DE: HS Augsburg, 1.
  17. ↑ of Cæsarea, Eusebius, "Ecclesiastical history", Bibliotheca Augustana, DE: HS Augsburg, 3.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Cross, FL, ed. (2005), "brethren of the Lord", The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church, New York: Oxford University Press.
  19. ↑ Segal, Charles (1999), Tragedy and civilization: an interpretation of Sophocles, p. 184, word for ‘brother,’ adelphos, from a- (‘same,’ equivalent to homo-) and delphys (‘womb,’ equivalent to splanchna).
  20. ↑ Bible Hub: Matthew 12:50
  21. ↑ Hastings (1927), "Part 4", Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, p. 653, In later times, but still within the period covered by the Bible, the grandson often gets the name of the grandfather.
  22. ↑ Shanks, Hershel; Witherington III, Ben, The Brother of Jesus – The Dramatic Story & Meaning of the First Archaeological Link to Jesus & His Family, pp. 94–95, retrieved 04 August 2014, There was indeed a word for cousin in Greek, anepsios, and it is never used of James or the other siblings of Jesus. It is interesting how the second-century Christian writer Hegesippus distinguishes [page 95] between those who were cousins of Jesus (anepsioi), and James and Jude, who are called brothers of Jesus (cited in the fourth-century historian Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 4.22.4; see 2.23.4, 3.20.1). Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  23. ↑ Harrison, Everett F (1968), A Short Life of Christ, p. 58, In opposition to Helvidius, Jerome (Hierony- mus, hence the name Hieronymian for his view) insisted that the brethren were kinsmen, specifically first cousins, being sons of Mary's sister, namely, that Mary who was the wife of Clopas.
  24. ↑ Origen, Commentary on Matthew, Christian classics ethereal library, §10.17.
  25. ↑ Martin Luther on Mary's Perpetual Virginity.
  26. ↑ Zwingli, Ulrich (1905), "Eini Predigt von der ewig reinen Magd Maria", in Egli, Emil; Finsler, Georg; Zwingli-Verein, Georg, Huldreich Zwinglis sämtliche Werke (in German) 1, Zürich: C. A. Schwetschke & Sohn, p. 385, retrieved 2008-07-01, I firmly believe that [Mary], according to the words of the gospel as a pure Virgin brought forth for us the Son of God and in childbirth and after childbirth forever remained a pure, intact Virgin
  27. ↑ The Works of the Rev. John Wesley, p. 112, I believe that He was made man, joining the human nature with the divine in one person; being conceived by the singular operation of the Holy Ghost, and born of the blessed Virgin Mary, who, as well after as before she brought Him forth, continued a pure and unspotted virgin.
  28. ↑ Witherington, Ben III, "Jesus' Extended Family", Bible Review 19 (3): 30–31, So James, according to this view, would be Jesus' younger half-brother.
  29. ↑ The Nelson Study Bible (NKJV), pp. 2102, 2156, James, the half brother of Jesus, traditionally called ‘the Just’ [...] Jude the brother of James and the half brother of the Lord Jesus. The term "half brother" is used to denote parentage, not genetics. In this view, the other brothers and sisters listed in the Gospel passages would have the same relationship to Jesus. However, some Protestants reject the term "half brother" because it is too specific; the Gospel accounts refer to these relatives as brothers and sisters of Jesus, without specifying their parents, and refer to Mary only in relation to Jesus.
  30. ↑ For instance, in 16 of the 36 verses of the chapter Genesis 37.
  31. ↑ 2 Samuel 13.
  32. ↑ 2 Samuel 3:2-3.
  33. ↑ S. Shearer (1953). "§ 673f". In Orchard, Orchard. A Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons.
  34. ↑ Rousseau, John J; Arav, Rami (1995), Jesus and His World, Fortress, ISBN 978-0-80062903-8.
  35. ↑ "Jesus' Family Tree", Frontline, PBS.
  36. ↑ Wilson, AN (1992), Jesus: A Life, New York: Norton & Co, p. 86, ...it would not be surprising if other parts of the church, particularly the Gentiles, liked telling stories about Jesus as a man who had no sympathy or support from his family.
  37. ↑ Butz, Jeffrey (2005), The brother of Jesus and the lost teachings of Christianity, Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions, p. 44, ...by the time Mark was writing in the late 60s, the Gentile churches outside of Israel were beginning to resent the authority wielded by Jerusalem where James and the apostles were leaders, thus providing the motive for Mark’s anti-family stance...
  38. ↑ Crosson, John Dominic (1973), "Mark and the relatives of Jesus", Novum Testamentum 15.
  39. ↑ Mack, Burton (1988), A myth of innocence: Mark and Christian origins, Philadelphia: Fortress.
  40. ↑ Painter, John (1999), Just James: The brother of Jesus in history and tradition, Minneapolis: Fortress.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links