Broken consort

A Music College, from "Gymnasium illustre", Lauingen, Germany, c. 1590

A broken consort in English early Baroque musical terminology refers to ensembles featuring instruments from more than one family, for example a group featuring both string and wind instruments. A consort consisting entirely of instruments of the same family, on the other hand, was referred to as a "whole consort", though this expression is not found until well into the seventeenth century (Boyden 1957, 229). The word "consort", used in this way, is an earlier form of "concert", according to one opinion (Scholes 1970), while other sources hold the reverse: that it comes from the French term concert or its Italian parent term concerto, in its sixteenth-century sense (Boyden 1957, 228). Matthew Locke published pieces for whole and broken consorts of two to six parts as late as 1672 (Scholes 1970).

History of the term

Though historically the term only came into use in the late seventeenth century and with reference only to English music, some more recent writers have applied the term retrospectively to music of earlier periods and of different nationalities, and—through a confounding of the terms "broken music" with "broken consort"—more specifically to a six-part instrumentation popular in England from the late-sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, contemporaneously referred to as an "English consort" (Kennedy and Kennedy 1994).

In late sixteenth-century England the word "consort" on its own was normally applied to groups of diverse instruments coming from different families (Boyden 1957, 228–29), and the sense of the term "broken" in the Elizabethan period refers primarily to division, the "breaking" of long notes into shorter ones (Edwards 2001, §3). "It is the shimmering effect of this ‘sweet broken music’ that so delighted audiences then and continues to cast its spell today" (Harwood 1978, 611).

The English consort

As constituted during the time of Queen Elizabeth I (called an "Englisch consort" by Praetorius in 1618 (Edwards 2001), and more recently a "mixed consort" or "consort-of-six" (Harwood 1978, 609–13), or a "Morley consort" (Sealey 2007)), it typically featured three plucked string instruments (lute, cittern, and bandora, called "Pandora" by Morley), two bowed instruments (treble viol or violin, and bass viol), and a recorder or transverse flute. Such consorts became quite popular during the Elizabethan era and often accompanied vocal songs.

Two manuscript sets of partbooks dating from 1588 and ca. 1590 are the earliest substantial sources of music for this consort. The earlier collection is known as the Walsingham Consort Books, and contains 34 pieces, including twelve by Richard Allison and seven by Daniel Bachiler, who likely wrote and owned these books (Edwards 1974). The later set of partbooks was copied by Matthew Holmes, and is known both as the Holmes Consort Books and as the Cambridge Consort Books, because they are deposited in the University Library at Cambridge (Harwood 1978, 211). There are also individual parts from consorts found in various other manuscripts, most notably the "Browne bandora book", which contains the bandora parts to 35 consort pieces (Harwood 1978, 211). There are also twenty-five surviving compositions for this type of consort by several composers in a collection published by Thomas Morley (1599/1611). There were a number of other consort compositions published by Philip Rosseter (1609), and some vocal music accompanied by this specific consort was published in collections such as William Leighton's The Teares and Lamentatacions of a Sorrowfull Soule (1614) and the Psalms of David in Metre (1599) by Richard Allison (Brown 1981, 111).

Sidney Beck made the first modern edition of Morley's collection and had a professional consort in New York state. Julian Bream was a pioneer in reviving the consort. James Tyler did much to popularise the playing of these consorts by getting music students at the University of Southern California to play all six instruments. The Baltimore Consort, an American ensemble, specializes in the performance of music for broken consort.

See also

• Consort of instruments
• Music in Elizabethan Era

Bibliography

• Brown, Howard Mayer. 1981. [Untitled review of] "Music for Mixed Consort, ed. Warwick Edwards". Music & Letters 62, no. 1 (January): 110–12.
• Boyden, David D. 1957. "When Is a Concerto Not a Concerto?", Musical Quarterly 43, no. 2 (April): 220–32.
• Edwards, Warwick. 2001. "Consort". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Edwards, Warwick A. 1970–71. "The Performance of Ensemble Music in Elizabethan England", Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association 97: 113–23
• Edwards, Warwick. 1974. "The Walsingham Consort Books", Music and Letters 55, no. 2 (April): 209–14.
• Edwards, Warwick (ed.). 1977. Musica Britannica 40: "Music for Mixed Consort". London: Stainer & Bell. (Reprinted with corrections 1985).
• Harwood, Ian. 1963–64. "The Origins of the Cambridge Lute Manuscripts", Lute Society Journal 5:32–48; 6: 29.
• Harwood, Ian. 1965. "Rosseter’s Lessons for Consort of 1609", Lute Society Journal 7: 15–23.
• Harwood, Ian. 1978. [Untitled review of] "Music for Mixed Consort, edited and reconstructed by Warwick Edwards". Early Music 6, no. 4 (October): 609–13.
• Kennedy, Michael, and Joyce Bourne Kennedy (eds.). 1994. "Broken Consort or Broken Music". The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, revised. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-869162-9
• Morley, Thomas (ed.). 1599. The First Booke of Consort Lessons, Made by Diuers Exquisite Authors, for Six Instruments to Play Together, the Treble Lute, the Pandora, the Cittern, the Base-Violl, the Flute & Treble Violl. London: William Barley, the assigne of Thomas Morley. (Second edition, London: John Browne, 1611).
  • Alison, Richard. 1957. Two Consort Lessons, transcribed and edited by Thurston Dart. London: Stainer and Bell;
  • Morley, Thomas. 1959. The First Book of Consort Lessons, reconstructed and edited with an introduction and critical notes by Sidney Beck. New York: Published for the New York Public Library by C. F. Peters Corporation;
  • Morley, Thomas. 1982. Thomas Morley's First Book of Consort Lessons, edited by William Casey. [Waco, Texas]: Markham Press Fund, Baylor University. ISBN 0-918954-27-4.
• Nordstrom, Lyle. 1972. "The Cambridge Consort Books", Journal of the Lute Society of America 5: 70–103.
• Nordstrom, Lyle. 1976. "The English Lute Duet and Consort Lesson", Lute Society Journal 43: 5–22.
• Rosseter, Philip (ed.). 1609. Lessons for Consort: Made by Sundry Excellent Authors, and Set to Sixe Severall Instruments: Namely, the Treble Lute, Treble Violl, Base Violl, Bandora, Citterne and the Flute. London: Printed by Tho. Este alias Snodham for John Browne. Selections published in Edwards 1977.
• Scholes, Percy Alan. 1970. "Consort". The Oxford Companion to Music, 10th edition, edited, revised, and reset, by John Owen Ward. London: Oxford University Press.
• Sealey, Mark. 2007. "CD Review: Thomas Morley: The First Book of Consort Lessons. La Caccia/Patrick Denecker. Ricercar RIC251". Classical.net.

External links

• Broken consort page