British passport

British passport

The front cover of a British biometric passport issued since 2006.
Date first issued 1915 (first 'modern' passport)
6 February 2006 (biometric passports)
5 October 2010 (current version)
Issued by  United Kingdom
Type of document Passport
Purpose Identification
Eligibility requirements British citizenship or any of the various forms of British nationality
Expiration 10 years after issuance for individuals aged 16 and above; 5 years for citizens up to the age of 15
Cost £72.50 (adult 32 pages) / £85.50 (adult 48 pages) / £46.00 (children under 16) / free (born on or before 2 September 1929)[1]

British passports may be issued to people holding any of the various forms of British nationality, and are used as evidence of the bearer's nationality and immigration status within the United Kingdom or the issuing state/territory. In 2014, British citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 174 countries and territories, ranking the British passport 1st in the world (tied with Finnish and Swedish).

Issuing

Map of most commonly held passport in Northern Ireland.[2]

In the United Kingdom, British passports (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) are issued by HM Passport Office. In conjunction with the Post Office, it is possible to submit most passport applications at a number of branches.

In the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, British passports are issued by the Lieutenant-Governor.

In British overseas territories, British Overseas Territories Citizen passports are issued by the Governor of the territory, whilst British Citizen passport application are forwarded to the Passport Section of the appropriate Foreign Office mission covering the territory (e.g. the United States for all the Caribbean British Overseas Territories).

In Commonwealth and foreign countries, British passports used to be issued by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the Passport Section of a British consulate, embassy, or High Commission. Since 2009, some British embassies ceased issuing full passports (though quickly available emergency passports of limited validity were still issued for one-way travel to the UK or to another part of the Commonwealth), and applications had to be sent by the applicant to a centralised processing point; applications from Chile, for example, had to be sent to UK Passport Service Centre for the Americas and Caribbean, Washington DC, USA. The FCO says: "In their 2006 report on consular services, the National Audit Office recommended limiting passport production to fewer locations to increase security and reduce expenditure."[3] In other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, applications for British passports could be submitted in person at the counter in a number of post office branches. As of 2010, British passport applications must be made directly to the Passport Office in the United Kingdom.

Holders of the following categories of British nationality can apply for a British passport:

The three-character codes appearing after each type of nationality above are the ISO/IEC 7501-1 machine-readable passport alpha-3 country codes of such British passports.

All British passports are issued in the exercise of discretion by Her Majesty's Government under the royal prerogative. In any event, discretion must be exercised reasonably and not on a whim, and even though there is no statute governing the issue of passports, such prerogative powers are susceptible to the normal processes of judicial review (Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374). The only exception applies to British Nationals (Overseas), who are entitled to hold a passport in that status (there is no discretion to refuse to issue such a passport).[4]

Since all British passports are issued in the name of the Crown (as of 2014 "in the Name of Her Majesty", without regnal name), the reigning monarch does not require a passport.[5]

British citizens (except those solely connected to a Crown Dependency), British subjects with the right of abode and British Overseas Territories citizens from Gibraltar are UK nationals for the purposes of EU law and are usually entitled to move freely within the European Economic Area and Switzerland with no more than a check on their identity and nationality at an external border of a Member State. In exceptional circumstances, entry may be refused on grounds of public policy, public security or public health.[6]

The right of abode in the UK, i.e., the right to enter and live in the United Kingdom freely, is held by all British citizens automatically. It is also held by some British subjects and those other Commonwealth citizens who were patrials under the Immigration Act 1971.

Visa requirements

Visa requirements for British citizens

Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom. In 2014, British citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 174 countries and territories, the same as for Finnish and Swedish citizens and more than for any other citizens according to the Visa Restrictions Index.

Visa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British Nationals (Overseas), British Overseas Citizens, British Overseas Territories Citizens, British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different.

History

Safe Conduct documents, usually notes signed by the monarch, were issued to foreigners as well as English subjects in medieval times. They were first mentioned in an Act of Parliament, the Safe Conducts Act in 1414. Between 1540 and 1685, the Privy Council issued passports, although they were still signed by the monarch until the reign of Charles II when the Secretary of State could sign them instead. The Secretary of State signed all passports in place of the monarch from 1794 onwards, at which time formal records started to be kept.[7]

Passports were written in Latin or English until 1772, when French was used instead. From about 1855 English was used, with some sections translated into French for many years.

In 1855 passports became a standardised document issued solely to British nationals. They were a simple single-sheet paper document, and by 1914 included a photograph of the holder.

The British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 was passed on the outbreak of World War I. A new format was introduced in 1915: a single sheet folded into eight with a cardboard cover. It included a description of the holder as well as a photograph, and had to be renewed after two years.

Historical passports

Some duplicate passports and passport records are available at the British Library; for example IOR: L/P&J/11 contain a few surviving passports of travelling ayahs for the 1930s.[8] A passport issued on 18 June 1641 and signed by King Charles I still exists.[9]

Timeline

Various changes to the design were made over the years:[9]

The old blue passport

UK passport 1924

A 32-page passport with a dark blue cover, commonly known as the old blue style,[12] came into use in 1920 with the formation of the Passport Service following international agreement on a standard format for passports, and remained in use until replaced by the European Union-style machine-readable passport in late 1988. As with many documents worldwide and all booklet-format documents, details were handwritten into the passport and (as of 1955) included: number, holder's name, "accompanied by his wife" and her maiden name, "and" (number) "children", national status. For both bearer and wife: profession, place and date of birth, country of residence, height, eye and hair colour, special peculiarities, signature and photograph. Names, birth dates, and sexes of children, list of countries for which valid, issue place and date, expiry date, a page for renewals and, at the back, details of the amount of foreign exchange for travel expenses (a limited amount of sterling, typically £50 but increasing with inflation, could be taken out of the country).[13] The bearer's sex was not explicitly stated, although the name was written in with title ("Mr John Smith"). Descriptive text was printed in both English and French (a practice which still continues), e.g., "Accompanied by his wife (Maiden name)/Accompagné de sa femme (Née)". Changed details were struck out and rewritten, with a rubber-stamped note confirming the change.

If details and photograph of a man's wife and details of children were entered (this was not compulsory), the passport could be used by the bearer, wife, and children under 16, if together; separate passports were required for the wife or children to travel independently.[14] The passport was valid for five years, renewable for another five, after which it had to be replaced.[15]

The passport had a printed list of countries for which it was valid, which was added to in handwriting as validity increased. A passport of 1955 was valid for the British Commonwealth, USA, and all countries in Europe "including the USSR, Turkey, Algeria, Azores, Canary Islands, Iceland, and Madeira";[16] during its period of validity restrictions eased and it was endorsed "and for all other foreign countries".[17]

The British visitor's passport

Cardboard identity card issued under arrangements regarding collective passports by the UK Passport Agency (2001)

A new simplified type, the British Visitor's Passport, was introduced in 1961. It was a single-page cardboard document valid for one year obtainable for many years from Employment Exchanges, as agents of the Passport Office, and then from a Post Office. It was accepted for travel by most West European countries (excluding surface travel to West Berlin), but was dropped in 1995 since it did not identify the holder's nationality or meet new security standards.

European format passports

On 15 August 1988, the Glasgow passport office became the first to issue burgundy-coloured machine-readable passports. They followed a common format agreed amongst member states of the European Community, and had the words 'European Community' on the cover, changed to 'European Union' in 1997. The passport has 32 pages; a 48-page version is available with more space for stamps and visas. There are two lines of machine-readable text printed in a format agreed amongst members of the International Civil Aviation Organisation, and a section in which relevant terms ("surname", "date of issue", etc.) are translated into the official EU languages. Passports issued overseas did not all have a Machine Readable Zone but these was introduced gradually as appropriate equipment was made available overseas.

In 1998[18] the first digital image passport was introduced with photographs being replaced with images printed directly on the bio-data page which was moved from the cover to an inside page to reduce the ease of fraud. These documents were all issued with machine readable zones and had a hologram over the photograph, which was the first time that British passports had been protected by an optically variable safeguard. These documents were issued until 2006 when the biometric passport was introduced. The bio-data page is printed with a finely detailed background including a drawing of a red grouse (a native British bird), and the entire page is protected from modification by a laminate which incorporates a holographic image of the kingfisher; visa pages are numbered and printed with detailed backgrounds including drawings of other birds: a merlin, curlew, avocet, and red kite. An RFID chip and antenna are located on the obverse of the data page and hold the same visual information as is printed, including a digital copy of the photograph with biometric information for use with facial recognition systems. The Welsh and Scottish Gaelic languages were included in all British passports for the first time in 2005,[19] and appear on the titles page replacing the official languages of the EU, although the EU languages still appear faintly as part of the background design. Welsh and Scottish Gaelic precede the official EU languages in the translations section.

Physical appearance

British passports are burgundy, with the coat of arms of the United Kingdom emblazoned in the centre of the front cover.

Passports issued by Her Majesty's Passport Office

Front cover

The words "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND" are inscribed above the coat of arms, whilst the word "PASSPORT" is inscribed below. The biometric passport symbol appears at the bottom of the front cover under the word "PASSPORT".

The words "EUROPEAN UNION" are printed at the top of British passports issued to British nationals who are considered "United Kingdom nationals for European Community purposes"[20] (i.e. British Citizens, British Subjects with the right of abode in the UK and British Overseas Territories Citizens connected with Gibraltar).[21] It is not included at the top of other British passports (i.e. passports issued to British Nationals (Overseas), British Overseas Citizens, British Protected Persons, non-Gibraltarian British Overseas Territories Citizens and British Subjects without the right of abode in the UK)

Passport note

British passports issued by the UK contain on their inside cover the following words in English only:

Her Britannic Majesty's Secretary of State Requests and requires in the Name of Her Majesty all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance, and to afford the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary.

In older passports, more specific reference was made to "Her Britannic Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs", originally including the name of the incumbent.

Information page

British passports issued by HM Passport Office and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office include the following data on the information page:

The items are identified by text in English and French (e.g., "Date of birth/Date de naissance"); there is a section in which all this text is translated into all official EU languages, as well as Welsh and Scottish Gaelic.[24]

According to the UK government, the current policy of using titles on passports requires that the applicant provides evidence that the Lord Lyon has recognised a feudal barony, or the title is included in Burke's Peerage. If accepted (and if the applicant wishes to include the title), the correct form is for the applicant to include the territorial designation as part of their surname (Surname of territorial designation e.g. Smith of Inverglen). The Observation would then show the holder's full name, followed by their feudal title e.g. The holder is John Smith, Baron of Inverglen.

Function-related passports

Besides the ordinary passports described above, special passports are issued to government officials from which diplomatic status may (diplomatic passport) or may not (official passport) by the text on the cover. A special passport is available for the Queen's Messenger. The latter passport contains the text QUEENS MESSENGER – COURRIER DIPLOMATIQUE below the coat of arms, and the text "BRITISH PASSPORT" above it.[25]

Passports issued by the Crown dependencies and Gibraltar

The front cover of a Gibraltar-issued biometric passport

Front cover

British passports issued directly by the Crown dependencies as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar are slightly different from those issued by HM Passport Office to residents of the United Kingdom and by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to British nationals abroad. The words EUROPEAN UNION still appear across the top of passport covers, signifying the special status of these nationals within the jurisdiction of the EU.

Passports for British citizens connected to the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man do not carry the words "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" on the front cover. In their place, these passports feature the words BRITISH ISLANDS — BAILIWICK OF JERSEY or BAILIWICK OF GUERNSEY or ISLE OF MAN, as appropriate.

Gibraltar passport covers are virtually identical to British passports issued by Her Majesty's Passport Office, except that they feature the word GIBRALTAR directly above the coat of arms and below the words "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland."

Passport note

In passports issued by the Crown dependencies, the passport note request is slightly different from those issued by the UK, coming from the Lieutenant Governor of the respective island. This difference results from the Crown dependencies owing allegiance to Queen Elizabeth II rather than the Government of the United Kingdom.

In Gibraltar passports, the "request" in the passport note is made by the Governor of Gibraltar instead of "Her Britannic Majesty's Secretary of State".

Information page

The issuing of a British Passport by the authorities in the Crown Dependencies cannot be inferred from the machine readable zone as the issuing country code and citizenship code (both GBR) is identical to passports issued by the United Kingdom for British Citizens.

Passports issued by the British Overseas Territories

Front cover

Passports issued by British overseas territories to British Overseas Territories Citizens do not bear the text "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND", but instead the words "BRITISH PASSPORT" above the coat of arms and the name of the Territory below it (e.g. "TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS").

Information page

The nationality reads "British Overseas Territories Citizens". On the machine-readable zone, the three-letter abbreviation of the territory is given in the field of the code of issuing state while GBD (British Overseas Territories Citizen, formerly British Dependent Territories Citizen) is shown in the nationality field. A British Virign Islands passport is an exception with VGB for both the issuing state and nationality code.[26] Either of these features enables automatic distinction between BOTCs related to different territories.

Multiple passports

People who have valid reasons can have more than one passport document. This applies usually to people who travel a lot on business, and may need to have, say, a passport to travel on while another is awaiting a visa for another country. Reasons and supporting documentation (such as a letter from an employer) must be provided.[27][28]

Endorsements

Certain British passports are issued with printed endorsements on the Official Observations page, usually in upper case (capital letters). They form part of the passport when it is issued, as distinct from immigration stamps subsequently entered in the visa pages. Some examples are:[29]

British citizens from Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man without a qualifying connection to the United Kingdom by descent or residency for more than five years have this endorsement in their passports, as the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are part of the European Union only for the purposes of the free movement of goods.
British National (Overseas) passports (BN(O) passport) usually have one of these endorsements in their passport, as a valid Hong Kong permanent identity card or Hong Kong identity card (which guarantees right of abode or right to land in Hong Kong) is normally required to possess a BN(O) passport.
British Subjects with the right of abode (usually from Ireland) have this endorsement in their passports.
British Overseas Citizens, British Subjects and British Protected Persons without the right of abode who have been granted indefinite leave to enter or remain retain this entitlement for life, and their passports are accordingly issued with this endorsement.
British nationals without the right of abode will have this endorsements in their passports unless they have been granted indefinite leave to enter or remain. However, even though a British National (Overseas) passport does not entitle the holder the right of abode in the UK, this endorsement is not found in BN(O) passports (1999 and biometric versions).
This endorsement is found in British National (Overseas) passports, and accordingly holders of the BN(O) passport have six-month access to the UK as a visitor without an entry certificate or visa.
This endorsement is found in passports where the holder uses or retains another professional, stage or religious name and is known by it "for all purposes", or has a recognised form of address, academic, feudal or legal title (e.g. Doctor, Judge, Queen's Counsel, Professor, Minister of Religion) regarded as important identifiers of an individual.[29] The styling 'Dr ...', 'Professor ...' or similar is recorded here, or the alternative professional/stage/religious name, usually on request by the passport holder.[29] For example, Cliff Richard's birth name was Harry Webb, and the passport Observations page would read:

"The Holder is also known as Cliff Richard"

This endorsement is also found if the passport holder's name is too long to fit within the 30-character limits (including spaces) on the passport information page; applies to each line reserved for the surname and the first given name including any middle name(s).[30] In this scenario the holder's full name will be written out in full on the Observations page.[30] According to the UK passport agency guidelines, a person with a long or multiple given name, which cannot fit within the 30-character passport information page limits, should enter as much of the first given name, followed by the initials of all middle names (if any).[30] The same advice applies to a long or multiple surname. The holder's full name is then shown printed out in its entirety on the passport Observations page.[29][30] For example, Kiefer Sutherland's birth name would read on the passport information page:

Surname: "Sutherland"
Given names: "Kiefer W F D G R"

Observations page:

"The Holder is Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland"

This endorsement was found in British National (Overseas) and Hong Kong British Dependent Territories Citizen passports held by British Nationals (Overseas) and Hong Kong British Dependent Territories Citizens with a Chinese name issued by the Hong Kong Immigration Department before the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong. After the handover, British passport issued in Hong Kong can only be issued at the British Consulate-General, and this endorsement is no longer in use. (See also: Chinese commercial code)
This endorsement is found in British passports held by people who are dependants or spouses of British diplomats.

Abandoned plans for "Next Generation" biometric passports and national identity registration

There had been plans, under the Identity Cards Act 2006, to link passports to the Identity Cards scheme. However, in the Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement that followed the 2010 General Election, the new government announced that they planned to scrap the ID card scheme, the National Identity Register, and the next generation of biometric passports, as part of their measures 'to reverse the substantial erosion of civil liberties under the Labour Government and roll back state intrusion.'[31][32]

The Identity Cards Act 2006 would have required any person applying for a passport to have their details entered into a centralised computer database, the National Identity Register, part of the National Identity Scheme associated with identity cards and passports. Once registered, they would also have been obliged to update any change to their address and personal details. The schedule for putting passport applicants' and renewers' details on the National Identity Register (NIR) has not been announced

The identity card was expected to cost up to £60 (with £30 going to the Government, and the remainder charged as processing fees by the companies that would be collecting the fingerprints and photographs).[33] In May 2005 the Government said that the cost for a combined identity card and passport would be £93 plus processing fees.[34]

The next generation of biometric passports, which would have contained chips holding facial images and fingerprints,[35] were to have been issued from 2012. Everyone applying for a passport from 2012 would have had their 10 fingerprints digitally scanned and stored on a database, although only two would have been recorded in the passport.[36]

Foreign travel statistics

According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum:[37]

Country Number of visitors
 Andorra 30,000
 Austria 774,000
 Albania 80,000
 Antigua & Barbuda 64,000
 Australia 590,000
 Azerbaijan 7,000
 Bahamas 24,000
 Bangladesh 75,000
 Belarus 4,000
 Belize 8,199
 Brazil 155,548
 Brunei 13,000
 Barbados 168,000
 Belgium 1,800,000
 Botswana 19,000
 Cambodia 123,000
 Canada 724,000
 China 570,000
 Costa Rica 45,000
 Croatia 400,000
 Czech Republic 300,000
 Dominican Republic 108,300
 Denmark 150,000
 Dominica 4,500
 Ecuador 22,800
 Ethiopia 20,000
 Estonia 35,000
 Fiji 25,000
 France 17,100,000
 French Polynesia <1,000
 Ghana 70,000
 Greece 2,000,000
 Guadeloupe <1,000
 Germany 2,000,000
 Grenada 20,000
 Guatemala 29,234
 Hong Kong 533,238
 Hungary 400,000
 Iceland 137,000
 Indonesia 220,000
 India 800,000
 Iran 9,500
 Ireland 3,000,000
 Italy 2,500,000
 Jamaica 151,000
 Jordan 81,000
 Japan 191,900
 Kuwait 40,000
 Kenya 185,967
 Liechtenstein 2,600
 Luxembourg 120,000
 Latvia 48,100
 Macao 59,468
 Madagascar 8,000
 Malaysia 435,500
 Malta 450,000
 Mauritius 100,000
 Mexico 363,142
 Mongolia 11,200
 Nicaragua 10,000
 Nigeria 117,000
 Norway 581,000
 Netherlands 1,800,000
 New Zealand 280,000
 Pakistan 270,000
 Philippines 122,759
 Poland 400,000
 Papua New Guinea 5,000
 Peru 56,000
 Portugal 2,100,000
 Qatar 40,000
 Russia 127,000
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 8,000
 Saint Lucia 70,000
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15,000
 Singapore 450,000
 Slovenia 91,000
 Spain 12,000,000
  Switzerland 698,375
 San Marino 6,000
 South Korea 100,000
 Sweden 591,000
 Taiwan 38,000
 Tanzania 75,000
 Trinidad & Tobago 30,000
 Turkey 2,500,000
 Thailand 800,000
 Tunisia 408,655
 Uganda 15,000
 Uruguay 20,000
 Ukraine 82,600
 United States 5,500,000
 Vietnam 100,000
 Venezuela 5,500
 Zambia 60,000

References

  1. ↑ Passport fees
  2. ↑ "Census 2011". Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  3. ↑ "Passports for Britons resident in Chile issued from USA". FCO. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  4. ↑ UK Border Agency: Chapter 50: British Nationals (Overseas) - Hong Kong Act 1985 & Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986 - general information
  5. ↑ "Queen and Passport". The official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  6. ↑ DIRECTIVE 2004/38/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL, Chapter VI
  7. ↑ "Identity and Passport Service | Home Office". Ukpa.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  8. ↑ "British Library: Asians in Britain: Ayahs, Servants and Sailors". Bl.uk. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Passport history timeline 1414–present". IPS. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  10. ↑ "Passport history timeline 1414–present". UK Gov Home Office. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
  11. ↑ Identity & Passport Service (25 August 2010). "New passport design unveiled". Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  12. ↑ "Page on IPS website referring to "old blue style"" (PDF). Ips.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  13. ↑ Printed information from 1955 passport
  14. ↑ 1955 British passport, Notes section at back: "A passport including particulars of the holder's wife is not available for the wife's use when she is travelling alone."
  15. ↑ 1955 British passport, Notes section at back: "... available for five years in the first instance, ... may be renewed for further periods ... provided ... ten years from the original date is not exceeded."
  16. ↑ 1955 passport, printed on page 4
  17. ↑ 1955 British passport, Notes section at back: "... only available for travel to the countries named on page 4, but may be endorsed for other countries. ... available for travelling to territory under British protection or trusteeship not including the Aden Protectorate."
  18. ↑ "Identity and Passport Service | Home Office". Ips.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  19. ↑ "The United Kingdom Passport Service - Welsh and Scottish Gaelic in UK Passports". http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 2005-02-08. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
  20. ↑ "United Kingdom National". https://www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
  21. ↑ "Declaration by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the definition of the terms 'nationals' (1982)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  22. ↑ "United Kingdom Border Agency: Immigration Directorates' Instructions, Chapter 22, Section 2(3)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  23. ↑ "Welsh language" (PDF). Identity and Passport Service. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  24. ↑ "Welsh and Scottish Gaelic in UK Passports". Identity and Passport Service. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  25. ↑ "Cover of a Queen's Messenger's passport". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  26. ↑ "Holder's page of a 2007 VGB passport". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  27. ↑ Second passport
  28. ↑ UK passport advice - second passport applications
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "Guidance: Observations in passports" (PDF). HM Passport Office. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "GOV.UK: Name to appear on passport?". GOV.UK, HM Passport Office. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
  31. ↑ Conservative Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement, Conservative Party, Published May 12, 2010, Accessed May 13, 2010
  32. ↑ Conservative Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement, Liberal Democrats, Published May 12, 2010, Accessed May 13, 2010
  33. ↑ "Retailers reject ID security fear". BBC News. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  34. ↑ Tempest, Matthew (25 May 2005). "ID card cost soars as new bill published". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  35. ↑ IBM inks UK biometric passport deal TG Daily, published July 10, 2009, accessed May 13, 2010
  36. ↑ "IPS will keep images of fingerprints". Kable.co.uk. 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  37. ↑ Foreign travel advice