Bristol Cathedral

Bristol Cathedral
Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity
The West front of Bristol Cathedral
Bristol Cathedral shown within Bristol
51°27′06″N 2°36′03″W / 51.4517°N 2.6007°W / 51.4517; -2.6007Coordinates: 51°27′06″N 2°36′03″W / 51.4517°N 2.6007°W / 51.4517; -2.6007
Location	Bristol
Country	England
Denomination	Church of England
Website	bristol-cathedral.co.uk
History
Consecrated	11 April 1148
Architecture
Heritage designation	Grade I listed building
Designated	8 January 1959
Style	Norman, Gothic, Gothic Revival
Years built	1220–1877
Specifications
Length	300 feet (91 m)[1]
Nave length	125 feet (38 m)[1]
Width across transepts	29 feet (8.8 m)[1]
Nave height	52 feet (16 m)[1]
Choir height	50 feet (15 m)[1]
Administration
Diocese	Bristol (since 1543)
Province	Canterbury
Clergy
Bishop(s)	Mike Hill
Dean	David Hoyle
Precentor	Nicola Stanley
Canon(s)	Robert Bull, Canon Pastor
Laity
Organist(s)	Mark Lee

Bristol Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, is the Church of England cathedral in the city of Bristol, England. Founded in 1140 and consecrated in 1148,^[2] it was originally St Augustine's Abbey but after the Dissolution of the Monasteries it became in 1542 the seat of the newly created Bishop of Bristol and the cathedral of the new Diocese of Bristol. It is a Grade I listed building.^[3]

The eastern end of the church includes fabric from the 12th century, with the Elder Lady Chapel which was added in the early 13th century. Much of the church was rebuilt in the English Decorated Gothic style during the 14th century despite financial problems within the abbey. In the 15th century the transept and central tower were added. The nave was incomplete at the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539 and was demolished. In the 19th century Gothic Revival a new nave was built by George Edmund Street partially using the original plans. The western twin towers, designed by John Loughborough Pearson were completed in 1888.

Located on College Green, the cathedral has tall Gothic windows and pinnacled skyline. The eastern end is a hall church in which the asiles are the same height as the Choir and share the Lierne vaults. The late Norman chapter house, situated south of the transept, contains some of the first uses of pointed arches in England. In addition to the cathedral's architectural features, it contains several memorials and an historic organ. Little of the original stained glass remains with some being replaced in the Victorian era and further losses during the Bristol Blitz.

History

Bristol Cathedral was founded as St Augustine's Abbey in 1140 by Robert Fitzharding, a wealthy local landowner and royal official.^[4] As the name suggests, the monastic precinct housed Augustinian canons.^[5] The original abbey church, of which only fragments remain, was constructed between 1140 and 1148 in the Romanesque style, known in England as Norman.^[6][7] The dedication ceremony was held on 11 April 1148, and was conducted by the Bishops of Worcester, Exeter, Llandaff, and St Asaph.^[8]

Further stone buildings were erected on the site between 1148 and 1164.^[9] Three examples of this phase survive, the chapterhouse and the abbey gatehouse, now the diocesan office, together with a second Romanesque gateway, which originally led into the abbot's quarters.^[10] T.H.B. Burrough, a local architectural historian, describes the former as the finest Norman chapter house still standing today.^[11]

Under Abbot David (1216–1234) there was a new phase of building, notably the construction in around 1220 of a chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, abutting the northern side of the choir.^[12] This building, which still stands, was to become known as the "Elder Lady Chapel".^[13] The architect, referred to in a letter as 'L', is thought to have been Adam Lock, master mason of Wells Cathedral.^[14] The stonework of the eastern window of this chapel is by William the Geometer, of about 1280.^[15] Abbot David argued with the convent and was deposed in 1234 to be replaced by William of Bradstone who purchased land from the mayor to build a quay and the church of St Augustine the Less. The next abbot was William Longe, the chamberlain of Keynsham who's reign was found to have lacked discipline and had poor financial management. In 1280 he was resigned and was replaced as abbot by Abbot Hugh who restored good order, with money being given by Edward I.^[8]

Under Abbot Edward Knowle (1306-1332), a major rebuilding of the Abbey church began despite financial problems.^[8] Between 1298 and 1332 the eastern part of the abbey church was rebuilt in the English Decorated Gothic style.^[16] The Black Death is likely to have affected the monastery and when William Coke became abbot in 1353 he obtained a papal bull from Pope Urban V to allow him ordain priests at a younger age to replace those who had died. Soon after the election of his successor, Henry Shellingford, in 1365 Edward III took control of the monsatery and made Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley its commissioner to resolve the financial problems. In the late 14th and early 15th centuries Abbots Cernay and Daubeney restored the fortunes of the order, partly by obtaining the perpetual vicarage of several local parishes. These difficulties meant that little building work had been undertaken for nearly 100 years, however in the mid 15th century, the number of cannons increased and the transept and central tower were constructed.^[8] Abbot John Newland, (1481–1515), began the rebuilding of the nave, but it was incomplete at the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539.

The partly built nave was demolished and the remaining eastern part of the church closed until it reopened as a cathedral under the secular clergy. In an edict dated June 1542, Henry VIII and Thomas Cranmer raised the building to rank of cathedral of a new Diocese of Bristol.^[8] The new diocese was created from parts of the Diocese of Gloucester and the Diocese of Bath and Wells.^[8] Paul Bush, (d. 1558) a former royal household chaplain, was created the first Bishop of Bristol.^[17] The new cathedral was dedicated to the Holy and Undivided Trinity.^[1][18]

With the 19th century's Gothic Revival signalling renewed interest in Britain's ancient architectural heritage, a new nave, in a similar style to the eastern end, bases on original 15th century designs, was added between 1868 and 1877 by George Edmund Street.^[12][19] The opening ceremony was on 23 October 1877.^[20] However the west front with its twin towers, designed by John Loughborough Pearson,^[21] was only completed in 1888.^[22]

Several of the bells in the crossing tower were cast in 1887 by John Taylor & Co, however earlier bells include those from the 18th century by the Bilbie family and one by William III & Richard II Purdue made in 1658.^[23][24]

In 1994 the ceremony took place in Bristol Cathedral for the first 32 women to be ordained as Church of England priests.^[25]

Architecture

The dimensions of Bristol Cathedral:^[26]

Total length, external	300 ft	91.4 m
Total Length, internal	284 ft	87 m
Length of nave	125 ft	38 m
Width, including aisles	69 ft	21 m
Length of transept	115 ft	35 m
Width of transept	29 ft	9 m
Height to vault in nave	52 ft	16 m
Height to vault in choir	50 ft	15 m
Area	22,556 ft²	2096 m²

Bristol Cathedral is a grade I listed building which shows a range of architectural styles and periods.^[3] Tim Tatton-Brown writes of the 14th century eastern arm as "one of the most interesting and splendid structures in this country".^[27]

Specifications

Most of the medieval stonework, is made from limestone taken from quarries around Dundry and Felton with Bath stone being used in other areas. The two-bay Elder Lady Chapel, which includes some Purbeck Marble, lies to the north of the five-bay aisled chancel or presbytery. The Eastern Lady Chapel has two bays, the sacristy one-bay and the Berkeley Chapel two bays. The exterior has deep buttresses with finials to weathered tops and crenellated parapets with crocketed pinnacles below the Perpendicular crossing tower.^[1]

The west front has two large flanking three-stage towers. On the rear outer corners of the towers are octagonal stair turrets with panels on the belfry stage. Between the towers is a deep entrance arch of six orders with decorative Purbeck Marble colonnettes and enriched mouldings to the arch. The tympanum of the arch contains an empty niche.^[1]

Hall Church

The eastern end of Bristol Cathedral is highly unusual for a number of reasons. Firstly, it was conceived as a "hall church", meaning that the aisles are the same height as the choir. While a feature of German Gothic architecture, this is rare in Britain, and Bristol cathedral is the most significant example. In the 19th century, Street designed the nave along the same lines.^[1] The effect of this elevation means that there are no clerestory windows to light the central space, as is usual in English Medieval churches. All the internal light must come from the aisle windows which are accordingly very large.^[28] In the choir, the very large window of the Lady chapel is made to fill the entire upper part of the wall, so that it bathes the vault in daylight, particularly in the morning.^[29]

Because of the lack of a clerestory, the vault is comparatively low, being only about half the height of that at Westminster Abbey. The interior of the cathedral appears wide and spacious. The architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner wrote of the early 14th century choir of Bristol that "from the point of view of spatial imagination" it is not only superior to anything else in England or Europe but "proves incontrovertibly that English design surpasses that of all other countries" at that date.^[30]

The choir has broad arches with two wave mouldings carried down the piers which support the ribs of the vaulting. These may have been designed by Thomas Witney or William Joy as they are similar to the work at Wells Cathedral and St Mary Redcliffe.^[31] The choir is separated from the eastern Lady Chapel by a 14th century reredos which was damaged in The reformation and repaired in 1839 when the 17th century altarpiece was removed. The Lady Chapel was brightly painted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries following existing fragments of colour. To the south east of the choir and Lady Chapel is the Berkeley Chapel and an adjoiningantechapel or sacristy, which may have been added in the 14th century possibly replacing an earlier structure.^[32]

Vaulting

Another feature of Bristol Cathedral is the vaulting of its various medieval spaces. The work that was carried out under Abbot Knowle is unique in this regard, with not one, but three unique vaults.^[33]

In vaulting a roof space using stone ribs and panels of infill, the bearing ribs all spring from columns along the walls. There is commonly a rib called the ridge rib which runs along the apex of the vault. There may be intermediate or "tierceron" ribs, which have their origin at the columns.^[34] In Decorated Gothic there are occasionally short lierne ribs connecting the bearing and tierceron ribs at angles, forming stellar patterns. This is the feature that appears at Bristol, at a very early date, and quite unlike the way that "lierne" ribs are used elsewhere. In this case, there is no ridge rib, and the lierne ribs are arranged to enclose a series of panels that extend the whole way along the centre of the choir roof, interacting with the large east window by reflecting the light from the smoothly-arching surfaces. From the nave can be seen the intricate tracery of the east window echoed in the rich lierne pattern of the tower vault, which is scarcely higher than the choir, and therefore clearly visible. The two aisles of the choir both also have vaults of unique character.^[28]

Elder Lady Chapel

The 13th century Elder Lady Chapel is build of red sandstone in an Early English style making it stand out from the rest of the building. Its is four bays long and has a vaulted ceiling. The windows are supported by Blue Lias shafts matching those between the bays. Much of the chapel including the piscina and sedilia are decorated with stylised foliage, in a style known as "stiff-leaf".^[35]

Nave

Street's design followed the form of the Gothic choir. On a plan or elevation it is not apparent that the work is of a different era. But Street designed an interior that respected the delicate proportions of the ribs and mouldings of the earlier work, but did not imitate their patterns. Street's nave is vaulted with a conservative vault with tierceron ribs, rising at the same pitch as the choir.^[36]

Fittings

The cathedral has two unusual and often-reproduced monuments, the Berkeley memorials. These are set into niches in the wall, and each is surrounded by a canopy of inverted cusped arches. Pearson's screen, completed in 1905,^[12] echoes these memorials in its three wide arches with flamboyant cusps.

West front

This facade, unlike many English Gothic cathedrals, Bristol has a rose window above the central doorway. The details, however, are clearly English, owing much to the Early English Gothic at Wells Cathedral and the Decorated Gothic at York Minster with a French Rayonnant style.^[37]

Chapter house

The late Norman chapter house, situated south of the transept,^[1] contains some of the first uses of pointed arches in England.^[38] It also has a rich sculptural decoration, with a variety of Romanesque abstract motifs.^[39] In both of these aspects there are close similarities with the abbey gatehouse, supporting the view that the two structures were built around the same time in the 12th century, as put forward by Street in the 19th century.^[38][40]

The approach to the chapter house is through a rib-vaulted ante-room 3 bays wide, whose pointed arches provide a solution to that room's rectangular shape. Carved pointed arches also appear in the decoration of the chapter house itself. Here they arise from the intersections of the interlaced semicircular arcading, which runs continuously around the walls. The chapter house has a quadripartite ribbed vault 7.5 metres (25 ft) high. The ribs, walls and columns display a complex interplay of carved patterns: chevron, spiral, nailhead, lozenge and zigzag.^[41][42]

The chapter house has 40 sedilia lining its walls, and may have originally provided seating for more when it was the meeting room for the abbey community.^[42] In 1714 it was refurbished to become a library, and its floor was raised by about 1 m (3 ft). Its east end was damaged in the Bristol riots of 1831, requiring considerable restoration, and at that time or later the library furnishings were removed. In 1832, when the floor was lowered again, a Saxon stone panel depicting the Harrowing of Hell was found underneath.^[41]

Stained glass

The east window in the Lady Chapel was largely replaced and restored in the mid 19th century, however it does contain some 14th century stained glass pieces including male heads and heraldic symbols.^[43] Some of the early glass is also incorporated into the Tree of Jesse which goes across nine lights.^[44][45]

During the restoration lead by Street most of the work on the glass was by Hardman & Co. these include the rose window and towers at the west end and the Magnificat in the Elder Lady Chapel.^[44]

Some of the most recent stained glass is by Bristolian Arnold Wathen Robinson following damage during the Bristol Blitz of 1940 and 1941. These included depictions of local Civil Defence during World War II including St. John Ambulance, the British Red Cross and the fire services along with air raid wardens, police officers, the Home Guard and the Women's Voluntary Service.^[46] The most recent glass is an abstract expressionist interpretation of the Holy Spirit designed by Keith New in 1965 and installed in the south choir.^[47]

Decoration, monuments and burials

The south transept contains the important late Saxon stone panel of the Harrowing of Hell. It dates from before the Norman Conquest and may have been carved around 1050. Following a fire in 1831 it was found being used as a coffin lid under the Chapter House floor.^[48][49][12]

The high altar stone reredos are by John Loughborough Pearson of 1899. The three rows of choir stalls are mostly from the late 19th century with Flamboyant traceried ends. There are also 28 misericords dating from 1515–1526, installed by Robert Elyot, Abbot of St. Augustine's, with carvings largely based on Aesop's Fables.^[50] In the Berkeley chapel is a very rare candelabrum of 1450 from the Temple church in Bristol.^[51][52]

The monuments within the cathedral include recumbent figures and memorials of several abbots and bishops: Abbot Walter Newbery who died in 1473 and Abbot William Hunt (d.1481) are within 14th century recesses on the north side of the Lady Chapel, while the recumbent effigy of Abbot John Newland (d.1515) is in a similar recess on the southern side. The coffin lid of Abbot David (d.1234) is in the north transept.^[53] In the north choir aisle is a chest tomb to Bishop Bush (d.1558) which includes six fluted Ionic columns with an entablature canopy.^[53] Also honoured are: Thomas Westfield, Bishop of Bristol (1642–1644), Thomas Howell (Bishop of Bristol) (1644–1645), Gilbert Ironside the elder, Bishop of Bristol (1661–1671), William Bradshaw (bishop), Bishop of Bristol (1724–1732), Joseph Butler, Bishop of Bristol (1738-1750), John Conybeare, Bishop of Bristol (1750–1755) and Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol) (1827–1834), who is buried in graveyard attached to the cathedral. The Berkeley family as early benefactors are represented by Maurice de Berkeley (d.1281), *Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley (d.1321), Lord Berkeley (d.1326) and Thomas Berkeley (d.1243) who are depicted in military effigies on the south side of the choir aisle, along with the chest tomb of Maurice Berkeley (d.1368).

In addition there are notable monuments to local dignitaries of the 17th and 18th century. There is a perpendicular reredos showing figures kneeling at a prayer desk flanked by angels to Robert Codrington (d.1618) and his wife.^[54] Phillip Freke (d.1729) is commemorated with a marble wall tablet in the north choir aisle. The oval wall tablet to Rowland Searchfield, English academic and Bishop of Bristol (d.1622) is made of slate.^[3] The Newton Chapel, which is between the Chapter House and south choir aisle contains a large dresser tomb of Henry Newton (d.1599) and a recumbent effigy of Sir John Newton (d.1661).^[53] Politicians are represented by a dresser tomb to Sir Charles Vaughan (d.1630) and another for Dame Joan and Sir John Young (d.1606) by Samuel Baldwin. The importance of exploration and trade to the city are reflected by a memorial tablet and representation in stained glass of Richard Hakluyt (d. 1616) is known for promoting the settlement of North America by the English through his works. He was a prebendary of the cathedral.^[55]

More recent monuments from the early 18th century to 20th century include: Mrs Morgan (d.1767) by John Bacon to the design of James Stuart and a bust by Edward Hodges Baily to Robert Southey a Bristolian poet of the Romantic school, one of the so-called "Lake Poets", and Poet laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843. Baily also created the monument to William Brane Elwyn (d.1841). The obelisk to local actor William Powell (d.1769) was made by by James Paine.^[56] The memorial to Elizabeth Charlotte Stanhope (d.1816) in the Newton Chapel is by Richard Westmacott.^[57] There is a memorial plaque to the education reformer Mary Carpenter (d.1877).^[3] The memorial to Emma Crawfuird (d.1823) is by Francis Leggatt Chantrey while the effigy to Dean Francis Pigou (d.1916) is by Newbury Abbot Trent.^[3] The most recent are of the biographer Alfred Ainger (d.1904) and the composer Walford Davies (d.1941).

Music

Organ

The organ was originally built in 1685 by Renatus Harris at a cost of £500.^[58] This has been removed and repaired many times; however some of the original work, including the case and pipes, is incorporated into the present instrument, which was built by J. W. Walkers & Sons in 1907, to be found above the Stalls on the North side of the Choir. It was further restored in 1989.^[59][60]

Prior to the building of the main organ, the cathedral had a chair organ, which was built by Robert Taunton in 1662,^[61] and before that one built by Thomas Dallam in 1630.^[62]

Organists

The earliest known appointment of an organist of Bristol Cathedral is Thomas Denny in 1542.^[63] Notable organists have included the writer and composer Percy Buck and the conductor Malcolm Archer. The present Organist is Mark Lee and the Assistant Organist Paul Walton.^[64]

Choirs

The first choir at Bristol probably dates from the Augustinian foundation of 1140. The present choir consists has twenty eight choristers, six lay clerks and four choral scholars. The choristers include fourteen boys and fourteen girls, who are educated at Bristol Cathedral Choir School, the first government-funded Choir Academy in England. Choral evensong is sung daily during term.^[65]

The Bristol Cathedral Concert Choir was formed fifty years ago and comprises sixty singers who present large scale works such as Bach's St Matthew's Passion.^[65] The Bristol Cathedral Consort is a voluntary choir drawn from young people of the city. They sing Evensong twice a month.^[65] Bristol Cathedral Chamber Choir was reformed in 2001 and is directed by assistant organist Paul Walton.^[65]

Media

Bristol Cathedral was used as a location in the 1978 film The Medusa Touch under the guise of a fictional London place of worship called Minster Cathedral.^[66]

Other cathedrals in Bristol

Bristol is also home to a Roman Catholic cathedral, Clifton Cathedral. The Church of England parish church of St. Mary Redcliffe is so grand as to be occasionally mistaken for a cathedral by visitors.

See also

• List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
• Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
• English Gothic architecture
• Church of England
• Grade I listed buildings in Bristol
• Churches in Bristol
• List of ecclesiastical restorations and alterations by J. L. Pearson

Notes

Bibliography

• Bettey, Joseph H. (1996). St.Augustine's Abbey Bristol. Historical Association (Bristol Branch). ISBN 978-0901388728. 
• Bettey, Joseph H.; Harris, Peter (1993). Bristol Cathedral: The Rebuilding of the Nave. Historical Assn.(Bristol). ISBN 978-0901388667. 
• Burrough, THB (1970). Bristol. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 978-0289798041. 
• Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). The Cathedrals of England (2 ed.). Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500200629. 
• Foyle, Andrew (2004). Pevsner Architectural Guide, Bristol. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300104424. 
• Godwin, Edward W. (1863). "Bristol Cathedral" (PDF). The Archaeological Journal 20: 38–63. 
• Gomme, A.; Jenner, M.; Little, B. (1979). Bristol: an architectural history. London: Lund Humphries. ISBN 978-0853314097. 
• Harrison, D. E. W. (1984). Bristol Cathedral. Heritage House Group. ISBN 978-0851012322. 
• Hendrix, John Shannon (2012). The Splendor of English Gothic Architecture. Parkstone International. ISBN 9781780428918. 
• Lehmberg, Stanford E. (1996). Cathedrals Under Siege: Cathedrals in English Society, 1600–1700. Penn State Press. ISBN 9780271044200. 
• Masse, H. J. L. J. (1901). The Cathedral Church of Bristol. George Bell & Sons. 
• McNeill, John (2011). "The Romanesque Fabric". In Cannon, Jon; Williamson, Beth. The Medieval Art, Architecture and History of Bristol Cathedral: An Enigma Explored. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843836803. ASIN 1843836807. 
• Moore, James; Rice, Roy; Hucker, Ernest (1995). Bilbie and the Chew Valley clock makers. The authors. 
• Oakes, Catherine (2000). Rogan, John, ed. Bristol Cathedral: History and Architecture. Charleston: Tempus. ISBN 978-0752414829. 
• Pevsner, Nikolaus (1958). North Somerset and Bristol. Penguin Books. OCLC 868291293. 
• Sivier, David (2002). Anglo-Saxon and Norman Bristol. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. ISBN 978-0752425337. 
• Smith, M.Q. (1970). The medieval churches of Bristol. Historical Association (Bristol Branch). ISBN 978-0901388025. 
• Smith, M.Q. (1983). The Stained Glass of Bristol Cathedral. Redcliffe Press. ISBN 978-0905459714. 
• Tatton-Brown, T .W. T.; Cook, John (2002). The English Cathedral. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1843301202. 
• Walker, David (2001). Bettey, Joseph, ed. Historic Churches and Church Life in Bristol. Bristol: Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. ISBN 978-0900197536. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bristol Cathedral.

• Bristol Cathedral Website
• Diocese of Bristol
• Bristol Past: The Abbey Gatehouse
• A history of Bristol Cathedral choir school and choristers
• Panoramic tour of the cathedral
• Panoramic interior picture of the cathedral (Requires Flash)

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