Box spread

Profit diagram of a box spread. It is a combination of positions with a riskless payoff.

In options trading, a box spread is a combination of positions that has a certain (i.e. riskless) payoff, considered to be simply "delta neutral interest rate position". For example, a bull spread constructed from calls (e.g. long a 50 call, short a 60 call) combined with a bear spread constructed from puts (e.g. long a 60 put, short a 50 put), has a constant payoff of the difference in exercise prices (e.g. 10). Under the no-arbitrage assumption the net premium paid out to acquire this position should be equal to the present value of the payoff.

They are often called "alligator spreads" because the commissions eat up all your profit due to the large number of trades required for most box spreads.

The box-spread usually combines two pairs of options; and its name derives from the fact that the prices for these options form a rectangular box in two columns of a quotation.

Note that box spreads also form a strategy in futures trading - see below.

Background

An arbitrage operation may be represented as a sequence which begins with zero balance in an account, initiates transactions at time t = 0, and unwinds transactions at time t = T so that all that remains at the end is a balance whose value B will be known for certain at the beginning of the sequence. If there were no transaction costs then a non-zero value for B would allow an arbitrageur to profit by following the sequence either as it stands if the present value of B is positive, or with all transactions reversed if the present value of B is negative. However, market forces tend to close any arbitrage windows which might open; hence the present value of B is usually insufficiently different from zero for transaction costs to be covered. This is considered typically to be a "Market Maker/ Floor trader" strategy only, due to extreme commission costs of the multiple-leg spread. If the box is for example 20 dollars as per lower example getting short the box anything under 20 is profit and long anything over, has hedged all risk .

A present value of zero for B leads to a parity relation. Two well-known parity relations are:-

S = F e^{-rT}

c - p = S - K e^{-rT}

Note that directly exploiting deviations from either of these two parity relations involves purchasing or selling the underlying stock.

The Box Spread

Now consider the put/call parity equation at two different strike prices K_1 and K_2. The stock price S will disappear if we subtract one equation from the other, thus enabling one to exploit a violation of put/call parity without the need to invest in the underlying stock. The subtraction done one way corresponds to a long-box spread; done the other way it yields a short box-spread. The pay-off for the long box-spread will be the difference between the two strike prices; and the profit will be the amount by which the discounted payoff exceeds the net premium. For parity, the profit should be zero. Otherwise, there is a certain profit to be had by creating either a long box-spread if the profit is positive or a short box-spread if the profit is negative. [Normally, the discounted payoff would differ little from the net premium, and any nominal profit would be consumed by transaction costs.]

The long box-spread comprises four options, on the same underlying asset with the same terminal date. They can be paired in two ways as shown in the following table (assume strike-prices K_1 < K_2):-

Long bull call-spread Long bear put-spread
Long synthetic stock Buy call at K_1 Sell put at K_1
Short synthetic stock Sell call at K_2 Buy put at K_2

Reading the table horizontally and vertically we obtain two views of a long box-spread.

We can obtain a third view of the long box-option by reading the table diagonally. In order to interpret the diagonals we need to introduce the straddle, which is a combination of a long call and a long put both at a strike price equal to the current stock price (at-the-money). This combination is direction neutral, its terminal payoff being dependent not on the direction of movement of the stock price but only on the magnitude of the movement. The band between the break-even points can be extended by separating the strike prices of the two options symmetrically with respect to the current stock price:-

Returning to the long box-spread, we see that the leading diagonal is a long gut combination, and the other diagonal is a short strangle combination. Hence a long box-spread may be created as a coupling of a long gut with a short strangle.

The short box-spread can be treated similarly.

An Example

As an example, consider a three-month option on a stock whose current price is $100. If the interest rate is 8% pa and the volatility is 30% pa then the prices for the options might be:

Call Put
K_1 = 90 $13.10 $ 1.65
K_2 = 110 $ 3.05 $ 10.90

The initial investment for a long box-spread would be $19.30. The following table displays the payoffs of the 4 options for the three ranges of values for the terminal stock price S_T:

S_T < K_1 K_1 < S_T < K_2 K_2 < S_T
0 S_T - 90 S_T - 90 0 S_T - 90 0
0 110 - S_T 0 110 - S_T 110 - S_T 0

The terminal payoff has a value of $ 20 independent of the terminal value of the share price. The discounted value of the payoff is $ 19.60. Hence there is a nominal profit of 30 cents to be had by investing in the long box-spread.

Prevalence

To what extent are the various instruments introduced above traded on exchanges? Chaput and Ederington, surveyed Chicago Mercantile Exchange's market for options on Eurodollar futures. For the year 1999-2000 they found that some 25% of the trading volume was in outright options, 25% in straddles and vertical spreads (call-spreads and put-spreads), and about 5% in strangles. Guts constituted only about 0.1%, and box-spreads even less (about 0.01%). [Ratio spreads took more than 15%, and about a dozen other instruments took the remaining 30%.This is considered typically to be a "Market Maker/Floor trader" strategy only, due to extreme commission costs of the multiple leg spread. If the box is for example 20 dollars as per lower example getting short the box anything under 20 is profit and long anything over, has hedged all risk.]

The box spread in futures

A box spread in futures contracts is a spread from two consecutive butterfly spreads, summing to +1 -3 +3 -1 in consecutive, or at least equally spaced, contracts. Often presumed not to move much (as in theory they are practically non directional) and therefore trade in a range.

For linear commodities instruments (i.e., futures, forwards, swaps), "box spread" is used to refer to a four-leg position consisting of long a two-leg spread in one time period, and short the same two-leg spread in another time period. For instance, "buying the Cal 13-12, SP-NP box spread", would be buying power at CAISO hub SP versus selling power at CAISO hub NP for 2013, while also doing the opposite (so, selling at SP and buying at NP) for 2012. (Customarily, a leg that is purchased is mentioned before a leg that is sold. And commonly, the more expensive leg is also mentioned first (to avoid using a negative spread price). Therefore, the way that the CAISO box spread is referred to suggests that SP is trading over NP, and SP-minus-NP is wider in 2013 than in 2012.) Another pair of contracts that commonly trade box spreads is WTI and Brent crude oil. One motivation for trading a box would be to roll an existing two-leg spread position to another (typically later) time period. E.g., to roll one's existing 2012 SP-NP spread position out to 2013 (i.e., close 2012 and replace with 2013). Another motivation would be to trade the box position itself, taking a view that there will be a trend for a two-leg spread (widening or narrowing) over time.

References