Blencathra

For the Royal Navy ship, see HMS Blencathra (L24).
Blencathra

View of Blencathra from Castlerigg stone circle
Elevation 868 m (2,848 ft)
Prominence 461 m (1,512 ft)
Parent peak Skiddaw
Listing Hewitt, Marilyn, Nuttall, Wainwright
Location
Blencathra

Location in Lake District, UK

Location Cumbria, England
Range Lake District, Northern Fells
OS grid NY323277
Coordinates 54°38′23″N 3°03′02″W / 54.63985°N 3.05046°WCoordinates: 54°38′23″N 3°03′02″W / 54.63985°N 3.05046°W
Topo map OS Landranger 90, Explorer, OL4, OL5
Listed summits of Blencathra
Name Grid ref Height Status
Gategill Fell Top NY317273 851 m Nuttall
Atkinson Pike NY324282 845 m Nuttall

Blencathra, also known as Saddleback, is one of the most northerly mountains in the English Lake District. It has six separate fell tops, of which the highest is the 868-metre (2,848 ft) Hallsfell Top.

Name

For many years, Ordnance Survey listed Blencathra under the alternative name of Saddleback, which was coined in reference to the shape of the mountain when seen from the east. The guidebook author Alfred Wainwright popularised the use of the older Cumbric name, which is now used almost exclusively. Ordnance Survey currently marks the summit as "Saddleback or Blencathra".

It is likely that the name Blencathra is derived from the Cumbric elements *blain 'top, summit' and cadeir 'seat, chair', meaning "the summit of the seat-like mountain".[1] Andrew Breeze has proposed an alternative interpretation of the second element of the name, arguing that it represents a Cumbric cognate of Middle Welsh carthwr 'working horse'.[2] Richard Coates has suggested that the second element may be the Middle Irish peronal name Carthach, but writes that "the implications of that with a Brittonic generic need exploring".[3]

Topography

The Northern Fells comprise a roughly circular upland area about 10 miles (16 km) wide. At the centre is the marshy depression of Skiddaw Forest — a treeless plateau at an altitude of 1,300 ft — and flowing outward from here are the rivers which divide the area into three sectors. The south-eastern sector, between the Glenderaterra Beck and the River Caldew, contains Blencathra and its satellites.[4]

Blencathra is more of a small range than a single fell, a series of tops standing out on a 3-mile (5 km) long curving ridge. It has smooth, easy slopes to the north and west, whilst displaying a complex system of rocky spurs and scree slopes to the south and east.

sketch map of Blencathra

When viewed from the south-east, particularly on the main Keswick to Penrith road, Blencathra appears almost symmetrical. To left and right, the ends of the fell rise from the surrounding lowlands in smooth and sweeping curves, clad in rough grass. Each rises gracefully to a ridge-top summit, Blease Fell on the west and Scales Fell to the east. Between these 'book-ends' are a further three tops, Gategill Fell, Hallsfell and Doddick Fell, giving a scalloped profile to the ridge. From each of the three central tops, a spur runs out perpendicular to the main ridge, beginning as a narrow, rocky arête and then widening into a broad buttress which falls 2,000 ft (610 m) to the base of the fell. Separating the five tops are four streams which run down the south-east face between the spurs. From the west these are Blease Gill, Gate Gill, Doddick Gill and Scaley Beck.

In addition to the spurs on the south-east face, Hallsfell also throws out a high ridge to the north. This is the saddle that gives Blencathra its alternative name, rising beyond the dip to the sixth top, Atkinson Pike. This is the focal point for connecting ridges to Bannerdale Crags and Mungrisdale Common to the north. The 'saddle' is bounded by crags to the east, Tarn Crag and Foule Crag being the principal faces.

Sharp Edge

Between Tarn Crag and Foule Crag is Sharp Edge, an aptly named arête which provides one of the most famous scrambles in the area. Hiker and author Alfred Wainwright noted that:

Sharp Edge
Scales Tarn, beneath Sharp Edge on Blencathra

Below Tarn Crags is Scales Tarn, an almost circular waterbody filling a corrie. The bed plunges steeply to about 25 ft (7.6 m) and plants and fish are scarce.[5]

To the east, beyond Scales Fell, is the connection to Souther Fell at Mousthwaite Comb. This ridge continues north east to the vicinity of Mungrisdale, surrounded on all sides by the River Glenderamackin.

Geology

In common with much of the Northern Fells, the Kirk Stile Formation of the Skiddaw Group predominates. This is composed of laminated mudstone and siltstone with greywacke sandstone and is of Ordovician age.[6]

There has been considerable mining activity beneath the slopes of Blencathra. Threlkeld mine lies at the base of Hallsfell. From 1879 to 1928, it was a profitable venture for the raising of lead and zinc ores and is believed to hold further reserves should the economic situation improve.[7]

A small trial working can be seen beside Blease Gill near the 2,000 ft (610 m) contour. This is believed to have been driven for lead.[7]

Saddleback Old Mine had workings near Scales Tarn and at Mousthwaite Comb. The mine was driven for lead but in the 1890s raised mostly limonite. This was marketed unsuccessfully as a pigment and the mine closed in 1894.[7]

In the Glenderaterra valley to the west of Blease Fell were Brundholme and Blencathra mines. Lead, copper and baryte were raised between the middle of the nineteenth century and the final closure in 1920.[7]

Summit

The south face showing the symmetrical structure

The highest point is directly above the Hallsfell spur, marked by a sprawling cairn only feet from the edge. A good path connects the five summits on the main ridge, giving excellent views down the south-east face. Northward on the fine turf of the 'saddle' is a large cross laid out in white stones. Its origin is uncertain, but extension to its current size (in excess of 10 ft) is attributed to a Harold Robinson of Threlkeld, a frequent visitor in the years after World War II.[4]

The view is very extensive, enhanced in every direction by the sharp fall of the slopes from the summit. To the west is the bulk of Skiddaw, and from west round to north-east the Back o'Skiddaw fells make up the foreground, backed by the mountains of Galloway, the Southern Uplands, the Border hills and the Cheviots.

The Pennines form the horizon from north-east to south-east, with Cross Fell, Mickle Fell, Wild Boar Fell and Great Whernside visible. To the south-east are the Far Eastern Fells and to the south the Helvellyn range is seen end-on, with vistas of the Forest of Bowland and North Wales to its left and right respectively.

The skyline from south to WSW is the best feature: a serrated skyline of all the major Lakeland peaks, these being, clockwise, Coniston Old Man, Crinkle Crags, Bowfell, Esk Pike, Scafell Pike, Great Gable, Kirk Fell, Pillar, High Stile, Grasmoor and Grisedale Pike. To the right of this, the Isle of Man and the Mourne Mountains are visible on clear days.

Derwent Water and Thirlmere are the major lakes visible; the most distant mountain visible is Slieve Meelmore in Mourne, 123 miles away.

Ascents

Blencathra is a popular mountain, and there are many different routes to the summit. One of the most famous is via Sharp Edge, a knife-edged arête on the eastern side of the mountain. Sharp Edge provides some good scrambling for those with a head for heights. Hall's Fell ridge, on Blencathra’s southern flank, also provides an opportunity for some scrambling, though of a less serious nature. Alfred Wainwright described the ascent from Threlkeld via Hall's Fell ridge as "positively the finest way to any mountain-top in the district".

Wainwright recorded more routes of ascent for Blencathra than any other fell.[4] Blease Fell and Scales Fell provided easy walking on grass and fast routes of descent. Gategill Fell he noted as dull until the final arête is reached, while Hallsfell and Doddick Fell both received praise. Of the intervening gills, Scaley Beck was reckoned the most practicable, the other three being overly rough and devoid of interest. An ascent from 'behind', beginning from Mungrisdale, was also described.[4]

Ownership

In May 2014, its owner, Hugh Lowther, 8th Earl of Lonsdale, listed the entire mountain massif plus the Lordship of the Manor of Threlkeld for sale, at a guide price of £1.75 million.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Whaley, Diana (2006). A dictionary of Lake District place-names. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society. pp. lx,423 p.289. ISBN 0904889726.
    • Hawley, Robert (November–December 2008). "Lake District Life" [What's in a Lakeland Name?]. p. 28. When you look at the shape of Blencathra this meaning makes perfect sense
    • The semantics of Cumbric *cadeir and its occurrence in Blencathra are discussed by James, Alan G. (2014). "Elements of Latin Origin in P-Celtic Place-names between the Walls" (PDF). The Journal of Scottish Name Studies: 33-34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-03.
  2. ↑ Breeze, Andrew (2006). "Three Celtic Toponyms: Setantii, Blencathra, and Pen-y-Ghent". Northern History 43 (1): 164. doi:10.1179/174587006X89483.
    • He writes, "Perhaps the dipping ridgeline made them think of a creature aged by labour, and not a frisky colt or proud hunter, which would have firmer backs."
  3. ↑ Coates, Richard; Breeze, Andrew (2000). Celtic voices, English places: studies of the Celtic impact on place-names in England. Shaun Tyas. p. 281. ISBN 1900289415.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Wainwright, Alfred: A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells,Book 5 The Northern Fells: ISBN 0-7112-2458-7
  5. ↑ Blair, Don: Exploring Lakeland Tarns: Lakeland Manor Press (2003): ISBN 0-9543904-1-5
  6. ↑ British Geological Survey: 1:50,000 series maps, England & Wales Sheet 29: BGS (1999)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Adams, John: Mines of the Lake District Fells: Dalesman (1995) ISBN 0-85206-931-6
  8. ↑ "Lake District mountain sale: Earl 'didn't want to evict tenants'". BBC News. Retrieved 6 May 2014.

External links

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