Bitis parviocula

Bitis parviocula
Bitis parviocula
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Subfamily: Viperinae
Genus: Bitis
Species: B. parviocula
Binomial name
Bitis parviocula
Böhme, 1977[1]
Common name: Ethiopian mountain adder,[2][3] small-eyed puff adder, Ethiopian viper,[4] Ethiopian mountain viper.[5]

Bitis parviocula is a venomous viper species found only in Ethiopia. It is large with a broad head and spectacular geometric markings. In 1995, the species was known from only three specimens, but additional information has surfaced since then. Little is known about its natural history or its venom.[6] No subspecies are currently recognized.[7]

Etymology

The specific name, parviocula, meaning "small-eyed", is derived from the Latin words parvus, meaning "small", and oculus, meaning "eye".[8]

Description

Of the first three specimens, the maximum recorded total length (body + tail) was 75.2 cm (29.6 in),[3] but it is now known to reach a total length of at least 130 cm (51 in).[6] The head is long, flat, triangular and covered with small, strongly keeled scales. The nostrils are large and set well forward. The head is distinct from the thin neck. The body is cylindrical with a slight vertebral ridge, while the tail is short. The dorsal scales are keeled and are arranged in 37-39 rows at midbody.[3]

The color pattern consists of a light brown to dark brown ground color, overlaid with a series of black hexagons or diamonds that run down the center of the back. The black hexagons may have paler crossbars, while being separated from each other by a chain of yellow butterfly shapes. A series of black triangular or subtriangular spots, each with a white center, run down the upper flanks. The lower flanks have a series of greenish-gray triangles, pointing upwards, with yellow edges, especially the tips. The flanks between these triangles are a mottled green color. The head is brown with a dark triangle between the eyes and a dark hammer shape just behind it that extends onto the nape of the neck. The iris is brown. The side of the head is dark, but with a pale stripe that runs from the eye down to the labials. The upper labial scales are white. The chin and throat are white with black speckling. The belly is greenish-gray and may be clear, or with black speckling.[3]

Geographic range

Known from only five localities in Ethiopia, it is found on both sides of the Rift Valley, both in the Bale Mountains to the east and between Bonga and Jimma to the west.[5] It has been collected at altitudes of 1,700–2,800 metres (5,600–9,200 ft).[6]

The type locality is given as "Doki River bridge (8°20′N 35°56′E / 8.333°N 35.933°E), bei Yambo (=Yembo), an der Straße von Metu nach Bedelle, Provinz Illubabor, SW-Äthiopien" [Ethiopia].[1][3]

Habitat

Of the three specimens known in 1995, two were found in forested areas west of the Rift Valley and one was found in grassland to the east. Of the two western specimens, one was caught in a forest clearing in an old coffee plantation, while the other was found in a forest town, hiding in grass of the grounds of a brewery. The eastern specimen was found in high grassland near a rocky stream.[2][3]

Behavior

Mostly unknown, its behavior is assumed to be terrestrial and nocturnal. In 1995, the only living specimen known was less irritable than the typical puff adder (B. arietans) and was not inclined to strike. However, it hissed when teased and struggled "furiously" when restrained, suggesting its temperament may be similar to that of the Gaboon viper (B. gabonica).[3]

Venom

The toxicity and composition of the venom is unknown. The first US envenomation of a person was in March 2009, when Dr. Earl Turner, a noted herpetologist from Ingram, Texas, was bitten on the finger. He is the only person in the world known to have survived a bite from this species. It is assumed to cause at least some of the bites reported in the densely populated regions where it occurs. The local people consider it very dangerous.[2] The venom of this snake can be neutralized by SAIMR antivenom [9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  4. ↑ Clinical Toxinology Resources. The University of Adelaide, Australia. http://www.toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&mode=PrintFriendly&1d=SN0208.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Böhme W. 2010. A review of our knowledge of the rare Ethiopian Mountain Viper, Bitis parviocula Böhme, 1977. 3rd Biology of the Vipers Conference – Calci, Pisa, 31 March-2 April 2010. http://www.msn.unipi.it/vipere/Lists/Announcements/Attachments/16/Abstract%20book-BiolVipConf-update.pdf
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Largen, M., and Spawls, S. 2010. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Frankfurt am Main: Edition Chimara. ISBN 978-3-89973-466-9
  7. ↑ "Bitis parviocula". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 26 July 2006.
  8. ↑ Ullman BL, Henry NE. 1931. New Elementary Latin. New York: Macmillan. 448 pp. + indices.
  9. ↑ Sánchez EE, Hotle D, Rodríguez-Acosta A. 2011. Neutralization of Bitis parviocula (Ethiopian mountain adder) venom by the South African Institute of Medical Research (SAIMR) antivenom. Revisita do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 53 (4): 213-217.

Further reading

External links

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