Bismutite
| Bismutite | |
|---|---|
|
Bismutite from Schneeberg, Germany | |
| General | |
| Category | Carbonate mineral |
| Formula (repeating unit) | Bi2(CO3)O2 |
| Strunz classification | 05.BE.25 |
| Dana classification | 16a.03.05.01 |
| Crystal symmetry | Orthorhombic mm2 - pyramidal |
| Unit cell | a = 3.865Å, b = 3.862Å, c = 13.675Å; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Yellow to brown, greenish, green-grey, grey or black |
| Crystal habit | Very rare as platy crystals; typically radially fibrous to spheroidal, in crusts and earthy to dense massive aggregates |
| Crystal system | Orthorhombic |
| Twinning | pseudo-merohedral twinning simulates tetragonal symmetry |
| Cleavage | Distinct/Good on {001} (microscopically observable) |
| Mohs scale hardness | 2.5 - 3.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous, waxy, may be dull to earthy |
| Streak | Grey |
| Diaphaneity | Opaque to transparent in small grains |
| Specific gravity | 6.7 - 7.4 measured, 8.15 calculated |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (-) (appears uniaxial due to twinning) |
| Refractive index | a=2.12-2.15, b=2.12-2.15, g=2.28 |
| Birefringence | 0.1300-0.1600 |
| 2V angle | 45 |
| References | [1][2][3][4] |
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Bismutite or bismuthite is a bismuth carbonate mineral with formula Bi2(CO3)O2 (bismuth subcarbonate). Bismutite occurs as an oxidation product of other bismuth minerals such as bismuthinite and native bismuth in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites.[2] It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and typically occurs as earthy to fibrous masses.[1]
It was first described in 1841 for an occurrence in Saxony.[1]
The term bismuthite has been used in the past for bismuthinite.[5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Webmineral
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mindat
- ↑ Handbook of mineralogy
- ↑ Grice, Joel D., A Solution to the Crystal Structures of Bismutite and Beyerite, The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 40, pp. 693-698 (2002)
- ↑
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bismuthite". Encyclopædia Britannica 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 11.