Bisexual erasure

Bisexual pride flag, created by Michael Page

Bisexual erasure or bisexual invisibility is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of bisexuality in history, academia, news media and other primary sources.^[1][2][3] In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexuality exists.^[1][3] It is often a manifestation of biphobia,^[1][2][3] although it does not necessarily involve overt antagonism.

There is increasing inclusion and visibility of bisexuals, particularly in the LGBT community.^[4][5] American psychologist Beth Firestone writes that since she wrote her first book on bisexuality, in 1996, "bisexuality has gained visibility, although progress is uneven and awareness of bisexuality is still minimal or absent in many of the more remote regions of our country and internationally."^[6]

Motivations

According to scholar Kenji Yoshino, there are three main investments that motivate both self-identified homosexuals and heterosexuals to seek to culturally erase bisexuality. These motivations are firstly, sexual orientation stabilization. This relieves people of the anxiety of having sexual orientation questioned, an untenable position since it is in fact unprovable. Secondly, the maintenance of the importance of gender, which is seen as erotically essential to monosexuals while this notion is challenged by the existence of bisexuality. Thirdly, the maintenance of monogamy since for mainstream Americans, a pair bond is preferred. However, bisexuals are generally assumed by monosexuals to be "intrinsically" non-monogamous.^[7]

In an article written for the 10th anniversary of Yoshino's piece, Heron Greenesmith argues that bisexuality is in fact inherently invisible in the law, beyond the reach of deliberate erasure. Firstly, she says it is because bisexuality is legally irrelevant with plaintiffs presumed to be monosexual unless outed and secondly, that when bisexuality is legally relevant it is erased within the legal culture since it complicates legal arguments that depend on a gender binary nature of sexuality.^[8]

Common examples

Straight and gay people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are either exclusively homosexual (gay/lesbian) or exclusively heterosexual (straight),^[1] closeted gay or lesbian people who wish to appear heterosexual,^[9] or are heterosexuals who are experimenting with their sexuality.^{[1][7][10][11]} A common manifestation of bisexual erasure is a tendency for bisexuals to be referred to as heterosexual when they are intimately involved with people of the opposite sex, and to be labeled as homosexual when they are involved with people of the same sex.

In the LGBT community

Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that the bisexual community does not deserve equal status or inclusion within gay and lesbian communities.^[12] This can take the form of omitting the word bisexual in the name of an organization or event that serves the whole LGBT community, including it as "bi-sexual", implying that there are only two authentic sexual orientations,^[13] or treating the subject of bisexuality in a derogatory way.^[14]

Bisexuals have been overlooked in the same-sex marriage debate. Firstly, where same sex marriage is illegal, those campaigning for it have failed to highlight the inconsistencies of marriage laws in relation to bisexuals, whose right to marry depends solely on the gender of their partner. Secondly, when same-sex marriage is available, a bisexual partner will generally be referred to as lesbian or gay. For example, one of the first people to take part in a same sex marriage in America, Robyn Ochs was widely referred to in the media as a lesbian, despite identifying herself in interviews as bisexual.^[15]

Media depictions

Some media outlets have portrayed bisexual behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek pederasty or Native American Two-Spirits, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures,^[16][17] even though it can also be seen as proof of the existence and acceptance of bisexuality.

In both the gay and straight media, individuals who have kept their sexual identity unknown have been portrayed as either gay or straight even when they engage in romantic or sexual relationships with both men and women.^[18] The same has occurred even with people who identify themselves as bisexual. Examples include Robyn Ochs, a bisexual activist, who was publicly misidentified as a lesbian on the day of her wedding;^[15] Ani DiFranco, whose 1998 marriage to Andrew Gilchrist was portrayed in both gay and mainstream media as renouncing lesbianism even though she had been out as bisexual since the very beginning of her career;^[19] Cynthia Nixon, who faced public criticism in 2012 when an awkwardly-worded interview quote about her bisexuality led many to believe she was saying she had chosen to become a lesbian;^[20] Madonna, who has called herself bisexual in interviews and has frequently engaged in public acts of same-sex intimacy with other female celebrities, but is typically portrayed by media as a heterosexual woman who dabbles in lesbian imagery for pure shock value, with any possibility that she might be genuinely bisexual being discounted entirely;^[21] and Lady Gaga, who is sometimes labelled as either homosexual or heterosexual in the media even though she has publicly identified as bisexual.^[22][23]

The media in both communities also often refers to the "gay and lesbian" community, ignoring bisexual and/or transgender people.^[24]

Television

On December 30, 2009, MTV premiered their 23rd season of the show The Real World,^[25] featuring two bisexual participants,^[26][27] Emily Schromm,^[28] and Mike Manning.^[29] Although Manning himself identifies as bisexual,^[29] many bloggers and commenters on blogs claimed that he was in fact gay.^[30][31] Furthermore, while a behind-the-scenes MTV Aftershow and subsequent interview revealed that both Manning and Schromm had had encounters with both men and women while on the show, the show was edited to make it seem as though they had only been with men.^[32][33]

In season 2 of Glee, Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) questions his sexuality after drunkenly kissing Rachel (Lea Michele) during a game of spin the bottle in "Blame It on the Alcohol". Having been established as openly gay earlier in the season, he suggests that his enjoyment of the kiss could possibly indicate that he is actually bisexual. However after confiding this to Kurt (Chris Colfer), of whom Blaine was previously implied to be the potential love interest for, states dismissively that “bisexual is a term that gay guys in high school use when they want to hold hands with girls and feel normal for a change.” Later on in the episode Rachel attempts to kiss Blaine soberly at the Lima Bean coffee shop after which Blaine declares cheerfully “Yep, I’m gay. One-hundred percent gay," (although his disposition could possibly be attributed to no longer questioning his sexuality).

See also

References

Further reading

• Fraser, Mariam (1999). Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–140. 

External links

• Bisexual Literature at glbtq.com
• Curiouser and Curiouser: the Strange 'Disappearance' of Male Bisexuality by Mark Simpson
• Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited New York Times, July 5, 2005 (article primarily about bisexuality in males)
• Human Rights Campaign: Bisexuality

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