Bhavnagar

This article is about the municipal corporation and metropolitan metro area in India. For its namesake district, see Bhavnagar district.
Bhavnagar
ભાવનગર
City
Nickname(s): Gohilwad (Gohilplace)
Bhavnagar
Coordinates: 21°46′N 72°09′E / 21.76°N 72.15°ECoordinates: 21°46′N 72°09′E / 21.76°N 72.15°E
Country  India
State Gujarat
Region Saurashtra (region)
District Bhavnagar
Founded 1723
Founded by Bhavsinhji Gohil ( Kaushiksinhji Gohil )
Government
 • Body Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation and BUDA(Bhavnagar Urban development authority)
 • Bhavnagar Municipal Commissioner Shri V. P. Patel, IAS
Area
 • Total 138 km2 (53 sq mi)
Elevation 24 m (79 ft)
Population (2015)
 • Total 2,877,961
 • Density 21,000/km2 (54,000/sq mi)
Demonym Gohilwad, Bhavenavasi
Languages
 • Official Gujarati, Hindi, English
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 364 001 & 364 002
Telephone code (91)278
Vehicle registration GJ•04

Bhavnagar  pronunciation  was founded in 1724 by Bhavsinhji Gohil (1703–1764). It was the capital of Bhavnagar State, which was a princely state before it was merged into the Indian Union in 1948. It is now the administrative headquarters of the Bhavnagar district.

Bhavnagar is situated 198 km from the state capital Gandhinagar and to the west of the Gulf of Khambhat. Bhavnagar is always an important city for trade with many large and small scale industries. Alang world's largest ship breaking yard is located just 50 km away. Palitana Jain temples which is an important holy place for Jain's are situated just 56 km away from Bhavnagar. Velavadar national park situated just 42 km away and is home to endangered species like wolves, antelopes, blackbucks.

History

The Gohil Rajput of the Suryavanshi clan faced severe competition in Marwar. Around 1260 AD, they moved down to the Gujarat coast and established three capitals; Sejakpur, Umrala and Sihor.[1]

In 1822–1823, forces led by Khanthaji Kadani and Pilaji Gaekwad attempted to raid Sihor but were repelled by Maharaja Bhavsinhji Gohil. After the war Bhavsinhji realised the reason for repeated attack was the location of Sihor (old Bhavnagar). In 1823, he established a new capital near Vadva village, 20 km away from Sihor, and named it Bhavnagar. It was a carefully chosen strategic location because of its potential for maritime trade. Naturally, Bhavnagar City became the capital of Bhavnagar State Bhavnagar Boroz.[2]

The old town of Bhavnagar was a fortified town with gates leading to other important regional towns. It remained a major port for almost two centuries, trading commodities with Africa Mozambique, Zanzibar, Singapore, and the Persian Gulf. The current Royal Family of Bhavnagar comprises Maharaja Vijayraj Singh Gohil and Maharani Samyukta Kumari, Prince Yuvraj Jaiveerraj Singh Gohil and Princess Brijeshwari Kumari Gohil.

State of Bhavnagar

Bhavsinhji ensured that Bhavnagar benefited from the revenue that was brought in from maritime trade, which was monopolised by Surat and Cambay. As the castle of Surat was under the control of the Sidis of Janjira, Bhavsinhji brokered an agreement with them, giving the Sidis 1.25% of the revenue by Bhavnagar port. Bhavsinhji entered into a similar agreement with the British when they took over Surat in 1856.Whilst Bhavsinhji was in power, Bhavnagar grew from a small chieftainship to a considerably important state. This was due to the addition of new territories as well as the income provided by maritime trade. Bhavsinhji's successors continued to encourage maritime trade through Bhavnagar port, recognising its importance to the state. The territory was further expanded by Bhavsinhji's grandson, Vakhatsinhji Gohil when he took possession of lands belonging to Kolis and Kathis, obtained Rajula from the Navab Saheb Ahmad Khan, and merged Ghogha Taluka into the state. In 1793, Vakhatsinhji conquered the forts of Chital and Talaja, and later conquered Mahuva, Kundla, Trapaj, Umrala and Botad.Bhavnagar remained the main port of the state, with Mahuva and Gogha also becoming important ports. Because of the maritime trade, the state prospered compared to other states. During the late 19th century, the Bhavnagar State Railway was constructed. This made Bhavnagar the first state that was able to construct its railway system without any aid from the central government, which was mentioned in the Imperial Gazetteer. Mr Peile, a political agent, described the state as follows: "With flourishing finances and much good work in progress. Of financial matters I need say little; you have no debts, and your treasury is full."[3] Between 1870 and 1878 the state was put under joint administration, due to the fact that Prince Takhtsinhji was a minor. This period produced some notable reforms in the areas of administration, revenue collection, judiciary, the post and telegraph services, and economic policy. The ports were also modernised. The two people who were responsible for those reforms were Mr E.H Percival of the Bombay Civil Service and Sri Gaurishankar Udayshankar Oza, Chief Minister of Bhavnagar State Bhavngar Boroz. In 1911, HH Maharani Nundkanvarba of Bhavnagar, was awarded the Order of the Crown of India, the highest Imperial award for women of the Empire. The former princely state of Bhavnagar was also known as Gohilwad; "Land of the Gohils" (the clan of the ruling family). The current royal family of Bhavnagar resides in the Nilambagh Palace. Part of the Palace have been converted to a heritage hotel. The current Royal Family of Bhavnagar comprises Maharaja Vijayraj Singh Gohil and Maharani Samyukta Kumari, Prince Yuvraj Jaiveerraj Singh Gohil and Princess Brijeshwari Kumari Gohil.

Rulers

Name Reign Title
Ratanji (d. 1703) II 1660–1703 Thakur Sahib
Bhavsinhji I Ratanji (1683–1764) 1703–1764 Thakur Sahib
Akherajji II Bhavsinhji (1714–1772) 1764–1772 Thakur Sahib
Wakhatsinhji Akherajji (1748–1816) 1772–1816 Thakur Sahib
Wajesinhji Wakhatsinhji (1780–1852) 1816–1852 Thakur Sahib
Akherajji III Bhavsinhji (1817–1854) 1852–1854 Thakur Sahib
Jashwantsinhji Bhavsinhji (1827–1870) 1854 – 11 April 1870 Thakur Sahib
Takhatsinhji Jashwantsinhji (1858–1896) 11 April 1870 – 29 January 1896 Thakur Sahib
Bhavsinhji II Takhatsinhji (1875–1919) 29 January 1896 – 1 January 1918 Thakur Sahib
1 January 1918 – 17 July 1919 Maharaja Rao
Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavsinhji (1912–1965) 17 July 1919 – 15 August 1947 Maharaja Rao
Virbhadrasinhji Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil (1932–1994) ^ 1 April 1965 – 26 Jul 1994 Maharaja Rao
Vijayrajsinhji Virbhadrasinhji Gohil (1968) ^ 26 July 1994 – Maharaja Rao

^ Titular only

Leading freedom fighters of Bhavnagar State

[4]

Royal family members of Gohil Rajputs

Merger with the Indian Union in 1947

Until the independence of India in 1947, Bhavnagar was an independent state ruled by the Rajput Gohil family. In 1947, the Deputy Prime Minister of the newly independent Indian Union Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel undertook the ambitious and complex process of unifying 565 princely states with the Union of India. The last Maharaja of Bhavnagar, Krishnakumar Sinhji handed over the administration of his Bombay State to the people's representative in 1948, and Bhavnagar was the first state to join the Indian Union. The erstwhile royal family of Bhavnagar continues to lead an active role in the public eye as well as in business (hotels, real-estate, agriculture & ship-breaking) and is held in high regard by the population both in the city as well as areas that comprised the former princely state of Bhavanagar.

[5]

Geography and climate

Topography

Bhavnagar is a coastal city on the eastern coast of Saurashtra, also known as Kathiawar, located at 21°46′N 72°09′E / 21.77°N 72.15°E.[6] It has an average elevation of 24 metres (78 ft). It occupies an area of 53.30 km². The general slope dips towards the north-east at the apex of Gulf of Khambhat. A small non-perennial river named Kansara Nala passes through the outer area of the city.

Climate

Climate data for Bhavnagar
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 44
(111)		 40
(104)		 44
(111)		 44
(111)		 54
(129)		 42
(108)		 40
(104)		 42
(108)		 41
(106)		 43
(109)		 42
(108)		 40
(104)		 54
(129)
Average high °C (°F) 27.7
(81.9)		 30.2
(86.4)		 34.7
(94.5)		 37.6
(99.7)		 39.4
(102.9)		 34.5
(94.1)		 33
(91)		 32.2
(90)		 33
(91)		 34.2
(93.6)		 31.7
(89.1)		 28.6
(83.5)		 33.07
(91.48)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.4
(66.9)		 22.4
(72.3)		 27.1
(80.8)		 30.7
(87.3)		 32.6
(90.7)		 32.3
(90.1)		 29.5
(85.1)		 28.5
(83.3)		 28.5
(83.3)		 28.3
(82.9)		 24.8
(76.6)		 21.3
(70.3)		 27.12
(80.8)
Average low °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2)		 14.7
(58.5)		 19.5
(67.1)		 23.8
(74.8)		 25.9
(78.6)		 27.1
(80.8)		 26
(79)		 24.8
(76.6)		 24.1
(75.4)		 22.4
(72.3)		 17.9
(64.2)		 14.1
(57.4)		 20.96
(69.74)
Record low °C (°F) 7
(45)		 8
(46)		 9
(48)		 18
(64)		 20
(68)		 11
(52)		 16
(61)		 12
(54)		 16
(61)		 15
(59)		 9
(48)		 2
(36)		 2
(36)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1
(0.04)		 0
(0)		 3
(0.12)		 3
(0.12)		 4
(0.16)		 49
(1.93)		 223
(8.78)		 154
(6.06)		 122
(4.8)		 25
(0.98)		 8
(0.31)		 1
(0.04)		 593
(23.34)
Avg. rainy days 0 0 0 0 1 6 10 8 5 1 0 0 31
Average relative humidity (%) 48 42 41 44 53 64 75 80 75 56 49 50 56.4
Source #1: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 26m)[7] Voodoo Skies for record temperatures[8]
Source #2: Weatherbase for rainy days and humidity[9]

Bhavnagar has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), with hot, dry summers from March to mid-June, the wet monsoon season from mid-June to October during which the city receives around 550 mm of rain on average, and mild winters from November to February. The semiarid classification is due to the city's high evapotranspiration. The average temperature from November to February is around 20 °C, with low humidity. Due to proximity to the sea, the climate remains fairly humid throughout the year.

The highest record temperature was 54 °C (129 °F) on 26 May 1988, while the lowest record temperature was 2 °C (36 °F) on 11 December 1973.[8]

Geology

The region of Saurashtra is a geologically active part of West India, and falls in the seismic zone 3 of the Zoning Map of the Bureau of Indian Standards. The region as a whole and the area around Bhavnagar in particular has been tectonically unstable.

Between 9 August 2000 and 15 December 2000, there was a series of earthquakes in east Saurashtra with epicenters in Bhavnagar. 132 earthquakes of 0.5M to 3.8M were recorded. There were five earthquakes greater than 3M, with a maximum magnitude of 3.8. These events were confined to an area which covered southern part of the Bhavnagar city and Tarsamiya village on the outskirts of the town. There were no loss of life recorded during this earthquake.

According to historical records, an earthquake of magnitude 7 occurred near Bhavnagar in February 1705. Earthquake swarm activity also occurred in and around Paliyad (60 km north of Bhavnagar) during July—August 1938 for about two months, with four earthquakes of magnitude greater than or equal to 5 and a maximum magnitude of 6.0.[10]

Culture and arts, socialism and reforms

Home to socialism, reforms, and cultural legacy, Bhavnagar is considered a city of education and culture, and is known as the cultural capital of Saurashtra.[11] People of Bhavnagar are considered to be easy-going, and art-loving. The artists and literary luminaries of Bhavnagar have immensely contributed to the culture of the city. Gujarati is the language of normal life, although Hindi is commonly understood. Knowledge of English is limited to the more educated population of the city.

Bhavnagar has produced many reformists, thinkers, socialists, poets, writers, artists, educationists, and freedom fighters. A few of these are mentioned below:

City planning and architecture

Multiple town planning schemes were designed and implemented under the guidance of the progressive rulers of Bhavnagar. During the reign of Sir Takhtsinhji, the British State Engineer Proctor Sims supervised the construction of Barton Library, the High Court, Alfred High School, and Sir Takhtsinhji Hospital.[1]

Nilambagh Palace, Bhavnagar

A few architectural examples include:

Modern Bhavnagar comprises Takhteshvar Plots, Krishnanagar, Sardarnagar and surrounding area. During 1935–1937, Krishnanagar area was planned and developed by late Shri Virendrabhai C. Mehta, the official town planner for the State of Bhavnagar. In 1961, he extended his Krishanagar plan towards Sardarnagar. In 1975, he created a master plan for Bhavnagar.

Beautiful garden at junction of the roads is the salient feature of town planning. Other gardens are located at Ghogha Circle, Mahila College Circle, Rupani Circle, Meghani Circle, Shivaji Circle, Sardarnagar Circle, Jewels Circle and Crescent Circle.

The city of Bhavnagar was one of the earliest towns to have underground drainage in Gujarat,[13] and was among the first cities in Gujarat to have a water filtration Plant. When set up by Krushnakumarsinhji, the filtration plant was the largest plant in Asia.

Education

Bhavnagar is known for pioneering and laudable efforts in the fields of rural, children's as well as women's education. Nanabhai Bhatt, Gijubhai Badheka, Manbhai Bhatt (Founder of Shishuvihar), Harbhai Trivedi, Gijubhai Badheka, and Taraben Modak were the pioneers who experimented and sowed new trends in rural and children's education. Nanbhai's institutions of Dakshinamurti at Bhavnagar, Gram Dakshinamurti at Amala, and Lokbharti at Sanosara have prepared three generations of brilliant workers and leaders engaged in reshaping village India. Gijubhai's Dakshinamurti became the cradle of children's education and charted a new direction in the field. Harbhai Trivedi pioneered a similarly new trend in secondary education and his Home School became a model for contemporary educators in Western India.Liberal women's education was born in Bhavnagar through the efforts of another illustrious educator-social reformer Amrutlal Dani. Sheth J. P. Govt. Ayurved College is one of the colleges of the well-known Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar that offers BAMS (Ayurvedacharya) course (35 seats per year). The college is situated in Vadva area and is named after Sheth Jivandas Prabhudas. Tapibai Ayurvedic Hospital which is the district level Ayurvedic hospital is part of this college.

Silver Bells Public School is the first and most reputed CBSE school in Bhavnagar, started by Captain Kiritsinh Gohil and Mrs Amar Jyoti Gohil. Later the same couple founded the first and only ICSE school in the Bhavnagar region called Amar Jyoti Saraswati International School which is situated in the Kalvibid area, and recently voted the best co-ed school in Bhavnagar,6th best in Gujarat by Education World,India (2014).

Maharaja Krishna Kumar Sinhji Bhavnagar University

The new name of Bhavnagar University is 'Maharaja Krushan Kumar Sinhji Bhavnagar University' it is located in Bhavnagar city in the western province of Gujarat, India. The University Most probably covered a District area of Bhavnagar. The university provides teaching and research programs in Arts, Commerce, Science, Engineering, Medicine, Management, Rural Studies and Law Faculties. It has 25 departments, 18 postgraduate centres and four recognised institutes and research centres. 100 colleges affiliated to university belong to Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Education, Engineering, Management, Rural and Medical disciplines. Twenty two post graduate courses are run by some of the colleges which are affiliated to University. Bhavnagar University came into being in 24 May 1979. Its land-estate area is 198.29 acres. A recent breakthrough in field of optical science was achieved by scientist Rasbindu Mehta of the university to trap light.

Shamaldas Arts College is the oldest institution of higher education in the region. Mahatma Gandhi studied here in 1884 AD. Maharaja Krishna Kumar Sinhji Bhavnagar University is well known in the region having an enrolment of nearly 23,000 students,a number of graduate colleges, and 25 post graduate departments including B.A, B.Com. BSc M.A. M.Com. M.C.A, MSc[14] There are two engineering colleges Shantilal Shah Engineering College and Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar. Both the colleges are affiliated with Gujarat Technological University.

Natural heritage sites

Blackbuck National Park

Velavadar Black Buck National Park is the only tropical grassland in India recognised as a National park. It is spread over an area of 34.08 km2. The park contains mainly blackbuck, antelopes, nilgai, wolves, jackals, hyenas, jungle cats, fox, and wild boar. Endangered birds such as Houbara Bustard, Lesser Florican, Sarus White Storks, White Pelican, Montagu, and Pallid Harriers also call the park home. Raptors including the Greater Spotted Eagle, Juvenile Imperial Eagle, Bonelli's Eagle, Short-toed Snake Eagle, and Long-legged Buzzard are also seen in the park. The climate in Velavdar makes it one of the best places for the migrating birds to breed.

Piram bet is an island approximately 6 km offshore off Ghogha. It is said that this island was created about 3.5 million years ago. It is well known for its diversity of life, including many vulnerable or endangered species. There is a ruined fort which was built in 1325.

Economy and industrial profile

Industrial development in Bhavnagar district could be attributed to the presence of a large number of diamond cutting and polishing units, salt and marine chemicals, plastics, ship building, and ship-breaking industries. Bhavnagar is an important centre for the diamond cutting and polishing industry in Gujarat as well as India. Thousands of skilled diamond-polishing workers are employed in diamond-cutting and polishing firms, whose subsidiary offices are involved in cities like Surat, Mumbai, and Antwerp. Bhavnagar stands second in the diamond cutting & polishing industry after Surat in India, with 6,000 units operating from the district and employing more than 300,000 people. Bhavnagar's commercial importance is enhanced by its proximity with the Gulf of Cambay and the Arabian Sea.

Bhavnagar is the largest producer of salt, with 34,500 tons of salt being produced annually in the district. The Alang ship breaking yard is the biggest in the world, recycling about 50% of the salvaged ships of the world. This has also helped developing supporting industries, such as oxygen bottling plants, re-rolling mills, and induction furnaces. Bhavnagar manufactures FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic) boats and steel vessels at the ship building facility of Alcock Ashdown (Gujarat) Ltd. The prominent industries located in Bhavnagar are Alcock Ashdown (Government of Gujarat Undertaking), Tamboli Castings Limited, Excel, SteelCast Bhavnagar, Investment & Precision Castings, Elite Chemicals and Sound Build Care Pvt Ltd. Ruvapari Road and Nari Road are areas where most industries are clustered. Bhavnagar has about 150 units manufacturing plastic monofilaments, and more than 400 units manufacturing plastic cloth, twine, ropes, films, and multifilament yarn. Some sections of the society depend upon agriculture for their livelihood. The city is a prominent trading post for cotton products. There are 112 medium and large scale industries located in Bhavnagar district.

One of the most important Antacid chemical, Magnesium Hydroxide was first manufactured in India by a Bhavnagar based company, Elite Chemicals(www.elitechemical.com). Till then it was imported.

Small-scale industries (SSI)

The district has 10,080 SSI units with employment of 49,587 involving a total investment of INR 28,955 lakhs (USD 70.62 million). Around 4,460 SSI units are present in Bhavnagar taluka, witnessing investments to the tune of INR 995.6 million (USD 24.28 million). Other industries are repairing & servicing, textiles, chemicals, glass & ceramics, and wood products.

Industry investment trends

As per the Industrial Entrepreneur Memoranda (IEMs) filed, the total investment during 1988–97 was INR 2,693 Crore (USD 657 million), and during 1998–2007 investments worth INR 47.75 billion (USD 1,164.6 million) were undertaken. Around 87% of the investments during 1998–07 has been contributed by infrastructure projects, and the cement and gypsum, and chemicals sectors, while 89% of the investments during 1988–97 was contributed by industries such as chemicals, cement and gypsum. Miscellaneous machinery and engineering sector showed increase in number of units while chemicals, plastic and food processing industries showed remarkable growth in investments during 1998–2007.

Investment trends: 1998-07

Infrastructure sector attracted the highest investment of INR 2,200 Crore (USD 536.5 million) contributing 46% to total investments generated during 1998–07.The next highest investment was generated by cement and gypsum sector of INR 1,637 Crore (USD 399.26 million) growing by 39% and contributing 34% to the total investments.Highest employment was generated by the chemical sector creating 3,997 jobs contributing 36% to the total jobs created.Food processing industries grew by over 250 times during 1998–07 with an investment of INR 790 million (USD 19 million).

Investments in pipeline

A total of 11 (Memorandum of Understanding) MoUs were signed during Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summits (VGGIS) 2003, 2005 and 2007, in several sectors such as ports, power, agricultural & food processing, tourism, and mineral-based industries. The power sector witnessed investments of over INR 40 billion (USD 975.60 million) during VGGIS 2003 and 2005 by Nirma Chemicals Limited and Gujarat Petro Chemical Limited respectively. The maximum number of MoUs were signed in relation to the port sector during 2003 and 2005 in the district. Gujarat State Petronet Corporation (GSPC), has signed an MoU during Vibrant Gujarat 2007, for the privatisation of Bhavnagar port.

Economy drivers

Major investments were witnessed in infrastructure projects during 1998–2007 which would further enhance the image of the district as a commercial region. Recent surge in the growth of food processing industries in the district has increased employment opportunities for the masses. Presence of Bhavnagar port has helped in catalysing the growth of industries, making it an important terminal for trade. Proximity with other major industrial hubs of the State, such as Ahmedabad and Rajkot has helped the district in attracting investments. Small scale industry sectors such as repairing & servicing, textiles, chemicals, glass & ceramics, and wood products are the supporting pillars of the economy providing numerous employment opportunities.

Major Industries

Commerce

Agriculture

Main crops:

Demographics

Bhavnagar Airport

As of 2011 India census,[15] Bhavnagar had a population of 593,768. Bhavnagar has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 91% and female literacy of 80%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.[16] Adult males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.

Electricity

Bhavnagar State Electricity 1920

Broadcasting

Broadcasting Bill India 1976

Transportation

Bhavnagar is well connected to other cities of Gujarat such as Ahmedabad, Vadodara and Surat, etc. by road, with bus services operated by the state-owned transport corporation as well as private operators such as VTCOS. The city is also connected to Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Surat, Vadodara, Mangalore, Kochi, Quilon, Trivandrum, Mumbai, New Delhi, CALCUTA, Chenai, Bangalore and other major cities of India by rail road.[17] Bhavnagar was one of the first cities in Gujarat to have an Domestica airport Domestica Airline Office. Daily flights to Mumbai are operated by Jet Airways daily from Bhavnagar Airport.[18] Private auto rickshaw, bicycle, and motorcycles are other modes of transport within the city and nearby villages.

Tourism

Takhteshwar Temple
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
Palitana temples

Ports

Bhavnagar had trade links with Southeast Asia, Africa, Arabia and ports of Red sea since the early 18th century. The original port Bhavnagar Harbar located at 21°48′N 72°09′E / 21.800°N 72.150°E built by the state of Bhavnagar was a very important part of the commerce. It also hosted a light beacon since 1860. This port was later modernised in 1930 under the supervision of J. Johnston, then Port Officer of Bhavnagar state. Wharfs, warehouses, and railway transportation were added. A new port, 8 km south of the original port, was built and made operational in 1950s due to heavy silting at the location of the old port. This port also had a lighthouse, which was damaged in the 2001 earthquake.[20]

Bhavnagar lockgate, built in 1963 & the first of its kind in India when built, is one of the oldest bundar in the state, and is very useful to keep ships afloat during low tide.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "History of Bhavnagar city". Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
  2. ↑ Dosábhai, Edalji (1894). A History of Gujarat from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. United Print and General Agency. p. 177.
  3. ↑ Naoroji, Dadabhai (1990). Poverty and un-British rule in Inda. Low Price Publications. p. 229.
  4. ↑ Prof.Mehboob Desai,Bhavnagar Prajaparishad and Popular Movements in the Context of Freedom Straggle of India (1920–47),Gurjar Granth Ratan Kariyaly,Ahmedabad,p 153 to 173.
  5. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Bhavnagar-kings-sacrifice-to-feature-in-school-textbook/articleshow/10585349.cms
  6. ↑ "Bhavnagar, India Page". Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
  7. ↑ "Climate: Bhavnagar – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Bhavnagar, India". Voodoo Skies. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  9. ↑ "Bhavnagar Climate". Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  10. ↑ "Earthquake Sequence in and around Bhavnagar" (PDF). Retrieved 10 June 2008.
  11. ↑ "Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  12. ↑ Philip Ward (1998). Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide. Orient Blackswan. p. 280. ISBN 8125013830.
  13. ↑ Gujarat State Gazetteers, 1969. Directorate of Govt. Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. p. 538.
  14. ↑ "Gujarat Technological University". Technical education in Professional courses. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  15. ↑ Bhavnagar City Census 2011 data
  16. ↑ [Geographic reference|India]
  17. ↑ Bhavnagar Terminus/BVC Railway Station Rail Info
  18. ↑ (BHU) Bhavnagar Airport Departures, Arrivals, and Information
  19. ↑ Prof.Mehboob Desai,Masjit during the time of Muhanmad Paygamber(s.a.v.),Divy Bhasakar,Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan',24 May,page 4
  20. ↑ "Bhavnagar Old Port Lighthouse". Retrieved 10 June 2008.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bhavnagar.
Bhavnagar Area Development Authority
Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation
Bhavnagar Collectorate
Bhavnagar District Panchayat