Beta-actin
Beta-actin (human gene and protein symbol ACTB/ACTB) is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans. This is one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins. Actins are highly conserved proteins[1][2] that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity. Alpha actins are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus.[3]
Interactions
Beta-actin has been shown to interact with SPTBN2.[4][5] In addition, RNA-binding protein Sam68 was found to interact with the mRNA encoding β-actin, which regulates the synaptic formation of the dendritic spines with its cytoskeletal components.
Clinical relevance
Recurrent mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.[6]
Applications
Beta actin is usually used as a loading control, for among others, the integrity of cells, protein degradation, in PCR and Western blotting. Its molecular weight is approximately 42 kDa.
References
- ↑ Gunning, P. W.; Ghoshdastider, U; Whitaker, S; Popp, D; Robinson, R. C. (2015). "The evolution of compositionally and functionally distinct actin filaments". Journal of Cell Science. doi:10.1242/jcs.165563. PMID 25788699.
- ↑ Hanukoglu I, Tanese N, Fuchs E (Feb 1983). "Complementary DNA sequence of a human cytoplasmic actin. Interspecies divergence of 3' non-coding regions". Journal of Molecular Biology 163 (4): 673–8. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(83)90117-1. PMID 6842590.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: ACTB actin, beta".
- ↑ Mao B, Wu W, Li Y, Hoppe D, Stannek P, Glinka A et al. (May 2001). "LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins". Nature 411 (6835): 321–5. doi:10.1038/35077108. PMID 11357136.
- ↑ Holleran EA, Ligon LA, Tokito M, Stankewich MC, Morrow JS, Holzbaur EL (Sep 2001). "beta III spectrin binds to the Arp1 subunit of dynactin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (39): 36598–605. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104838200. PMID 11461920.
- ↑ Lohr JG, Stojanov P, Lawrence MS, Auclair D, Chapuy B, Sougnez C et al. (Mar 2012). "Discovery and prioritization of somatic mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by whole-exome sequencing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (10): 3879–84. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121343109. PMC 3309757. PMID 22343534.
Further reading
- Snásel J, Pichová I (1997). "The cleavage of host cell proteins by HIV-1 protease". Folia Biologica 42 (5): 227–30. doi:10.1007/BF02818986. PMID 8997639.
- Gunning P, Weinberger R, Jeffrey P (Apr 1997). "Actin and tropomyosin isoforms in morphogenesis". Anatomy and Embryology 195 (4): 311–5. doi:10.1007/s004290050050. PMID 9108196.
- Kimura T, Hashimoto I, Nishikawa M, Fujisawa JI (1997). "A role for Rev in the association of HIV-1 gag mRNA with cytoskeletal beta-actin and viral protein expression". Biochimie 78 (11-12): 1075–80. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(97)86732-6. PMID 9150887.
- Szentirmay MN, Sawadogo M (May 2000). "Spatial organization of RNA polymerase II transcription in the nucleus". Nucleic Acids Research 28 (10): 2019–25. doi:10.1093/nar/28.10.2019. PMC 105382. PMID 10773068.
- Anderson JL, Hope TJ (Apr 2004). "HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell". Current HIV/AIDS Reports 1 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1007/s11904-004-0007-x. PMID 16091223.
- Pederson T, Aebi U (Nov 2005). "Nuclear actin extends, with no contraction in sight". Molecular Biology of the Cell 16 (11): 5055–60. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-07-0656. PMC 1266405. PMID 16148048.
- Perrin BJ, Ervasti JM (Oct 2010). "The actin gene family: function follows isoform". Cytoskeleton 67 (10): 630–4. doi:10.1002/cm.20475. PMC 2949686. PMID 20737541.
See also
PDB gallery |
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| | 1atn: Atomic structure of the actin:DNASE I complex |
| 1c0f: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF DICTYOSTELIUM CAATP-ACTIN IN COMPLEX WITH GELSOLIN SEGMENT 1 |
| 1c0g: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 1:1 COMPLEX BETWEEN GELSOLIN SEGMENT 1 AND A DICTYOSTELIUM/TETRAHYMENA CHIMERA ACTIN (MUTANT 228: Q228K/T229A/A230Y/E360H) |
| 1d4x: Crystal Structure of Caenorhabditis Elegans Mg-ATP Actin Complexed with Human Gelsolin Segment 1 at 1.75 A resolution. |
| 1dej: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A DICTYOSTELIUM/TETRAHYMENA CHIMERA ACTIN (MUTANT 646: Q228K/T229A/A230Y/A231K/S232E/E360H) IN COMPLEX WITH HUMAN GELSOLIN SEGMENT 1 |
| 1eqy: COMPLEX BETWEEN RABBIT MUSCLE ALPHA-ACTIN: HUMAN GELSOLIN DOMAIN 1 |
| 1esv: COMPLEX BETWEEN LATRUNCULIN A:RABBIT MUSCLE ALPHA ACTIN:HUMAN GELSOLIN DOMAIN 1 |
| 1h1v: GELSOLIN G4-G6/ACTIN COMPLEX |
| 1hlu: STRUCTURE OF BOVINE BETA-ACTIN-PROFILIN COMPLEX WITH ACTIN BOUND ATP PHOSPHATES SOLVENT ACCESSIBLE |
| 1ijj: THE X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX BETWEEN RABBIT SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIN AND LATRUNCULIN A AT 2.85 A RESOLUTION |
| 1kxp: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEIN IN COMPLEX WITH SKELETAL ACTIN |
| 1lcu: Polylysine Induces an Antiparallel Actin Dimer that Nucleates Filament Assembly: Crystal Structure at 3.5 A Resolution |
| 1lot: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX OF ACTIN WITH VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEIN |
| 1m8q: Molecular Models of Averaged Rigor Crossbridges from Tomograms of Insect Flight Muscle |
| 1ma9: Crystal structure of the complex of human vitamin D binding protein and rabbit muscle actin |
| 1mdu: Crystal structure of the chicken actin trimer complexed with human gelsolin segment 1 (GS-1) |
| 1mvw: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1nlv: Crystal Structure Of Dictyostelium Discoideum Actin Complexed With Ca ATP And Human Gelsolin Segment 1 |
| 1nm1: Crystal Structure of D. Dicsoideum Actin Complexed With Gelsolin Segment 1 and Mg ATP at 1.8 A Resolution |
| 1nmd: Crystal Structure of D. Discoideum Actin-Gelsolin Segment 1 Complex Crystallized In Presence Of Lithium ATP |
| 1nwk: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MONOMERIC ACTIN IN THE ATP STATE |
| 1o18: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1o19: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1o1a: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1o1b: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1o1c: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1o1d: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1o1e: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1o1f: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1o1g: MOLECULAR MODELS OF AVERAGED RIGOR CROSSBRIDGES FROM TOMOGRAMS OF INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE |
| 1p8z: Complex Between Rabbit Muscle alpha-Actin: Human Gelsolin Residues Val26-Glu156 |
| 1qz5: Structure of rabbit actin in complex with kabiramide C |
| 1qz6: Structure of rabbit actin in complex with jaspisamide A |
| 1rdw: Actin Crystal Dynamics: Structural Implications for F-actin Nucleation, Polymerization and Branching Mediated by the Anti-parallel Dimer |
| 1rfq: Actin Crystal Dynamics: Structural Implications for F-actin Nucleation, Polymerization and Branching Mediated by the Anti-parallel Dimer |
| 1rgi: Crystal structure of gelsolin domains G1-G3 bound to actin |
| 1s22: Absolute Stereochemistry of Ulapualide A |
| 1sqk: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF CIBOULOT IN COMPLEX WITH SKELETAL ACTIN |
| 1t44: Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-B4: Implications for arp2/3 activation |
| 1wua: The structure of Aplyronine A-actin complex |
| 1y64: Bni1p Formin Homology 2 Domain complexed with ATP-actin |
| 1yxq: Crystal structure of actin in complex with swinholide A |
| 2a3z: Ternary complex of the WH2 domain of WASP with Actin-DNAse I |
| 2a40: Ternary complex of the WH2 domain of WAVE with Actin-DNAse I |
| 2a41: Ternary complex of the WH2 Domain of WIP with Actin-DNAse I |
| 2a42: Actin-DNAse I Complex |
| 2a5x: Crystal Structure of a Cross-linked Actin Dimer |
| 2asm: Structure of Rabbit Actin In Complex With Reidispongiolide A |
| 2aso: Structure of Rabbit Actin In Complex With Sphinxolide B |
| 2asp: Structure of Rabbit Actin In Complex With Reidispongiolide C |
| 2btf: THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE PROFILIN-BETA-ACTIN |
| 2d1k: Ternary complex of the WH2 domain of mim with actin-dnase I |
| 2ff3: Crystal structure of Gelsolin domain 1:N-wasp V2 motif hybrid in complex with actin |
| 2ff6: Crystal structure of Gelsolin domain 1:ciboulot domain 2 hybrid in complex with actin |
| 2fxu: X-ray Structure of Bistramide A- Actin Complex at 1.35 A resolution. |
| 2gwj: SpvB ADP-ribosylated actin: hexagonal crystal form |
| 2gwk: SpvB ADP-ribosylated actin: orthorhombic crystal form |
| 2hf3: Crystal structure of monomeric Actin in the ADP bound state |
| 2hf4: Crystal structure of Monomeric Actin in its ATP-bound state |
| 2hmp: Uncomplexed actin cleaved with protease ECP32 |
| 2oan: Structure of oxidized beta-actin |
| 2q1n: Actin Dimer Cross-linked Between Residues 41 and 374 |
| 2q31: Actin Dimer Cross-linked Between Residues 41 and 374 and proteolytically cleaved by subtilisin between residues 47 and 48. |
| 2q36: Actin Dimer Cross-linked between Residues 191 and 374 and complexed with Kabiramide C |
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| See also: cytoskeletal defects Index of cells |
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| | Description |
- Structure
- Organelles
- peroxisome
- cytoskeleton
- centrosome
- epithelia
- cilia
- mitochondria
- Membranes
- Membrane transport
- ion channels
- vesicular transport
- solute carrier
- ABC transporters
- ATPase
- oxidoreduction-driven
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| | Disease |
- Structural
- peroxisome
- cytoskeleton
- cilia
- mitochondria
- nucleus
- scleroprotein
- Membrane
- channelopathy
- solute carrier
- ATPase
- ABC transporters
- other
- extracellular ligands
- cell surface receptors
- intracellular signalling
- Vesicular transport
- Pore-forming toxins
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