Benson raft
The Benson raft was a huge seagoing log raft designed to reliably transport millions of board feet of timber at one time through the open ocean.[1]
Held together with giant logging chains, their cargo of logs and often finished lumber goods went from the outlet of the Columbia River in the United States into the Pacific Ocean and south 1100 miles to San Diego, California.[2] Once there the logs were sawn into lumber by the Benson Logging and Lumber Company for sale in Southern California.[3]
History
While this practical transportation method was first used on the Pacific coast in 1906 by Simon Benson, a lumber baron of Portland, Oregon,[4] they were not the first rafts of their type. Some appeared on the Atlantic coast about 1883 and were used for several years until a very large one broke up and became a hazard to navigation.[5] They were sometimes referred to as Leary rafts or Joggins rafts.[6] They seem also to have been employed on the Rhine River in 1888,[7] and their use on the Pacific was contemplated as early as 1888.[8]
Lower shipping costs
Benson log rafts were towed in the open sea along the Pacific Coast, dramatically lowering shipping costs from railroad or traditional ocean barge transportation. Held together by large logging chains,[9] they were the first ever seagoing ocean-worthy logging rafts to transport intact millions of board feet over a long distance.[10] The first was launched in July 1906[10] and last of 120 in 1941. About half were "deck loaded", with processed lumber such as shingles, fence posts, and poles atop the logs, maximizing savings.[11] Four of the 120 were lost due to fire or storms.
John A. Festabend was Benson's construction supervisor near Clatskanie, Oregon.
Construction
Benson rafts began with a roughly cigar-shaped[12] temporary "cradle" of wood resembling the frame of a large wooden sailing ship.[13] A derrick placed logs in the cradle over a period of four to seven weeks, lacing them with tree-length timbers for added strength and stability. Large logging chains tied the raft together.[14]
When complete, the one half the cradle was removed and the raft was launched sideways into the water. Most were about 700 feet (210 m) to 1,000 feet (300 m) long,[15] 55 feet (17 m) wide, and 35 feet (11 m) thick from top to bottom—usually drafting 26 feet (7.9 m) to 29 feet (8.8 m) deep and hauled approximately 4,000,000 board feet (9,400 m3) and 8,000,000 board feet (19,000 m3) of logs.[10] [16][17] Assembly took anywhere from 4 to 6 weeks and involved 175 to 250 tons of chain.
It is estimated that building in Southern California doubled in just 4 years following the arrival of cheaper lumber via Benson rafts in 1906.[10]
A proposal was floated in 1905 to use them to ship timber to China, but there is no evidence it ever occurred.[18]
References
- ↑ The Oregon History Project, Benson Log Rafts
- ↑ Davis, p. 359
- ↑ Williams, pp. 198, 199
- ↑ Lind, p. 41 "King tyee of the Columbia River loggers was Simon Benson who invented the Benson raft. He was the first to use a seagoing log raft in 1906."
- ↑ One writer, William George Jordan (1864–1928), noted that a lesson in ocean currents was learned from the catastrophe when logs from the breakup were found drifting all over the world. See William George Jordan, "Failure As A Success"
- ↑ "A Big Raft Comes By Sea", New York Times, August 25, 1883
- ↑ "An Immense Timber Raft", New York Times, September 23, 1888
- ↑ "To Handle Big Lumber Rafts", New York Times, September 22, 1889
- ↑ Andrews, pp. 130-32
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Biennial Report By California. Board of Harbor Commissioners for the Bay of San Diego, p. 14
- ↑ Journal of forest history, Volumes 14-15, Forest History Society, 1970
- ↑ Benson history
- ↑ American Forestry Association, pp. 531, 562
- ↑ Guide to the J.F. Ford Photograph Collection, circa 1896-1906
- ↑ The Swedish American trade journal, Volume 14 By Swedish Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, 1920, p. 111
- ↑ Woodworkers review, p. 285
- ↑ Brown, p. 383
- ↑ "Mammoth Timber Raft", The Evening Telegram (Toronto), August 26, 1905
Further reading
- Andrews, Ralph Warren, days of logging, Superior Publishing Co., 1956
- American forests, Volume 43, Author American Forestry Association, Publisher: American Forestry Association, 1937
- Brown, Nelson Courtland, Logging: the principles and methods of harvesting timber in the United States and Canada, Wiley, 1949
- Davis, Richard C., Encyclopedia of American forest and conservation history, Volume 1, Macmillan Pub. Co., 1983, ISBN 0-02-907750-8
- Lind, Carol J., Big timber, big men, Hancock House, 1978, ISBN 0-88839-020-3
- Williams, Richard, The Loggers, Time-Life Books, 1976, ISBN 0-8094-1527-5
- Woodworkers review. The Woodworkers review company, 1909
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