Benjamin Waterhouse

Waterhouse portrait by Rembrandt Peale from 1833.

Benjamin Waterhouse (March 4, 1754, Newport, Rhode Island - October 2, 1846, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was a physician, co-founder and professor of Harvard Medical School. He is most well known for being the first doctor to test the smallpox vaccine in the United States, which he carried out on his own family.[1]

Biography

Early life

Waterhouse was born into a Quaker family, although he never adopted the religion as his own.[2] His parents were Timothy Waterhouse, a chair maker who also served on the Governor's Council, and Hannah Waterhouse.[3] His medical career began at age 16, when he apprenticed for a doctor in his hometown. At age 21, he left the United States to study medicine in Europe at several notable institutions, such as with Dr. John Fothergill in London, England. He was also educated in Edinburgh at the University of Edinburgh Medical School. He matriculated Oct. 28, 1778 at the Leiden University[4][5] and received at the same University his medical degree Apr. 19, 1780.[6][7] The title description of his thesis is: Dissertatio medica De sympathia partium corporis humani, ejusque, in explicandis et curandis morbis necessaria consideratione ... - Lugduni Batavorum : Th. Koet, 1780. - 38 p. ; 25 cm.[8][9][10]His thesis is dedicated to John Fothergill, M.D., "inspirer of my studies."[7] While living in Holland, he roomed with future U.S. president John Adams.[1]

Portrait of Waterhouse by Gilbert Stuart, 1775

Medical career

After returning to the United States in 1782, Waterhouse joined the faculty of the new medical school at Harvard as one of three professors, including John Warren and Aaron Dexter, in the area of Theory and Practice of Physic. He was also elected that same year as a Fellow at Rhode Island College (now "Brown University").[2] He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1795.[11] In 1814, Waterhouse resigned his Harvard professorship after opposing a plan to establish the Medical School in Boston and attempting to found a rival medical school.[2]

Smallpox vaccine

Waterhouse first wrote to then-President John Adams, his former roommate, hoping to spread the word about cowpox vaccinations preventing smallpox. When he found President Adams unresponsive, he wrote a letter to Vice President Thomas Jefferson entitled "A prospect of exterminating the smallpox."[12]

Jefferson replied with a letter dated Christmas Day, 1800, and soon offered his support. Once Jefferson became President the following year, Waterhouse introduced Edward Jenner's method of cowpox vaccination in the United States.[12] He attempted to maintain a monopoly over the cowpox vaccine, for both financial reasons and to protect the vaccine from incompetent or fraudulent physicians. Waterhouse made the first vaccinations in the United States on four of his children. He commissioned a controlled experiment at the Boston Board of Health in which 19 vaccinated and 2 unvaccinated boys were exposed to the smallpox virus. The vaccinated boys demonstrated immunity and the 2 unvaccinated boys succumbed to the disease.[3]

Personal life

In 1788, he married Elizabeth Oliver, with whom he had six children. She died in childbirth in 1815. In 1819, he married Louisa Lee; no children resulted from this marriage.[3]

Military service

Waterhouse had a commission in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 in the days before military physicians were accorded rank. He held the position of "Hospital Surgeon", in 1818 he was promoted to "Post Surgeon", and in 1821 he was honorably discharged.[13]

Final years and death

Waterhouse's grave in Mount Auburn Cemetery

Throughout the 1820s, Waterhouse was a strong supporter of Samuel Thomson's medical system. He died in his home in Cambridge in 1846, and was survived by his wife Louisa. He is interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery, where Louisa erected a small monument in his honor.

Legacy

Works

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The Beginning of the End of Smallpox
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Waterhouse, Benjamin
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Benjamin Waterhouse Biography (1754-1846)
  4. ↑ Album Studiosorum Academiae Lugduno Batavae MDLXXV-MDCCCLXXV, kol. 1128.
  5. ↑ Index to English speaking students who have graduated at Leyden university / by Edward Peacock, F.S.A. - London : For the Index society, by Longmans, Green & co. 1883, p. 102, 1129.
  6. ↑ Bronnen tot de geschiedenis der Leidsche Universiteit, zesde deel, 10 Febr. 1765-21 Febr. 1796 : Catalogus promotorum ex die 14. Februarii anni 1765 / P.C. Molhuysen. - 's-Gravenhage : Martinus Nijhoff, ...., p. 108*.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 English-speaking students of medicine at the University of Leyden / R.W. Innes Smith. - Edinburgh/London : Oliver and Boyd, 1932, p. 242.
  8. ↑ Bibliotheca Medica Neerlandica, vol. I, p. 174.
  9. ↑ National Union Catalogue: NW 0108022; DNLM, MWA, RPB, MH, MB, CtY, NNNAM.
  10. ↑ Kaiser, Leon M. Contributions to a census of American Latin Prose, 1634-1800 - In: Humanistica Lovaniesia : Journal of Neo-Latin Studies, Vol. 31, 1982, p. 183.
  11. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter W" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "History of Vaccines Website – Waterhouse Brings Vaccination to the States". College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 3 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  13. ↑ Hume, Edgar Erskine (1943), Victories of Army Medicine: Scientific Accomplishments of the Medical Department of the United States Army, J. B. Lippincott Company, pg 116.
  14. ↑ "Author Query for 'Waterh.'". International Plant Names Index.

External links

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