Beit Hanina

Beit Hanina
Other transcription(s)
 • Arabic بيت حنينا

Beit Hanina al-Balad (center)
Beit Hanina al-Jadid (top)
Beit Hanina

Location of Beit Hanina within Palestine

Coordinates: 31°49′50″N 35°12′58″E / 31.83056°N 35.21611°ECoordinates: 31°49′50″N 35°12′58″E / 31.83056°N 35.21611°E
Palestine grid 169/137
Governorate Jerusalem
Government
 • Type Village council
Area
 • Jurisdiction 16,284 dunams (16.3 km2 or 6.3 sq mi)
Population (2007)
 • Jurisdiction 1,071 (al-Balad)
26,762 (al-Jadid)
Name meaning "House of Hanina"[1]
The Israeli barrier in northern Jerusalem, which divides Beit Hanina into two villages, both in a separate enclave.

Beit Hanina (Arabic: بيت حنينا‎, Hebrew: בית חנינא‎) is a Palestinian neighborhood in East Jerusalem. It is on the road to Ramallah, eight kilometers north of central Jerusalem, at an elevation of 780 meters above sea level.[2] Beit Hanina is bordered by Hizma to the east, Shuafat to the south, Beit Iksa and Nabi Samwil to the west, and Bir Nabala, al-Jib, Kafr Aqab and ar-Ram to the north.

Beit Hanina is divided by the Israeli West Bank barrier into Al-Jadida (the new village), which is located within the Israeli Jerusalem municipality and includes the vast majority of the built-up area, and Al-Balad (the old village), which lies outside the municipality.[3] The total area of Beit Hanina is 16.3 sq. kilometers (6.3 sq. miles) or 16,284 dunams, of which 2,775 are built up.[4]

In 2007, Beit Hanina had a population of over 27,000, including 26,762 Jerusalem residents in the new village[5] and 1,072 under PNA administration.[6]

Etymology

Literally, Beit Hanina means "House of Hanina," suggesting that it is named after a person, possibly a woman. Some scholars say that "Hanina" is derived from the Assyrian "Han-nina" which means the one that deserves pity (hanan). It could also be derived from the word hana meaning "camped."[1][7]

Archeology

In June 2013, Israel Antiquities Authority unearthed an 1800-year-old Roman road in Beit Hanina. The Jerusalem Post wrote about this discovery: "According to the Antiquities Authority, the 8-meter-wide road, which dates back to the Roman Empire, led from Jaffa to Jerusalem and was built with large flat stones and curbstones to create a surface that was comfortable for walking. Some of the stones were highly polished, indicating heavy pedestrian use, the authority added." [8]

History

Beit Hanina may date back to the Canaanite period. According to the 19th century French traveler Victor Guérin, Beit Hanina is the biblical Ananiah of the Tribe of Benjamin. Edward Robinson concurred, but W.F. Albright maintained that Ananiah is the village of al-Eizariya in East Jerusalem.[9] Guerin also proclaimed that it was sometimes called Bayt Anina.[10][11]

In 636, Beit Hanina was annexed by the Islamic Caliphate led by Umar Ibn al-Khattab as a result of a decisive Muslim victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Yarmouk. In the early centuries of Islamic rule over Palestine, Yemenite and Qaisi Arabs migrated to Beit Hanina. The economy was agricultural, based primarily on olives, figs, barley and bulgur.[12]

In 1099, Crusader armies captured Jerusalem, including Beit Hanina, inflicting heavy casualties on the Muslim population and causing most of the residents to flee. They later returned to cultivate their orchards and grain fields. The town was recaptured by the Ayyubid Dynasty led by Salah ad-Din. To ensure a Muslim majority and protect it from a renewed Crusader invasion, Salah ad-Din brought powerful Bedouin tribes from the Negev desert and the northern Hejaz to settle in the area.[12]

The Friday Mosque in Beit Hanina, Sultan Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque, is dedicated to Ibrahim ibn Adham, Guérin had noted it was dedicated to "Sidi Ibrahim".[10] In 1927 Tawfiq Canaan published the inscription above the gate of the mosque, which commemorated its building in 637/1239-1240 CE.[13]

Ottoman era

The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 Beit Hanina appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 28 Muslim households.[14]

Guérin, who visited in 1863, estimated that the village had 300 inhabitants,[10] while an official Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that "Bet Hanina" had 65 houses and a population of 240, though the population count included only men.[15]

In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as a "village of moderate size, of stone houses, standing on very rocky ground on the ridge between two valleys. It is surrounded with olives, and has springs to the west at some little distance. Vineyards also occur near the village."[16]

British Mandate era

In a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, "Bait Hanina" had a population of 996, all Muslims,[17] increasing in the 1931 census to a population of 1226, still all Muslims, in 317 houses.[18]

In 1945 Bein Hanina had a population of 1,590, all Arabs, with 14,948 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[19] Of this, 3,072 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 4,304 used for cereals,[20] while 219 dunams were built-up land.[21]

1948 -1967

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Beit Hanina was captured by Jordanian forces, along with the rest of the West Bank, and became a part of Jordan until 1967. Under Jordanian rule, new roads and schools were built, and many of the town's émigrés invested in the development of a modern suburb, then known as Ras al-Tariq, located to the east along the Jerusalem-Ramallah highway.[12]

1967, and aftermath

After the 1967 Six-Day War, the Israelis occupied the West Bank, along with Beit Hanina, and the municipal boundaries of Jerusalem were expanded to include the eastern section of Beit Hanina, now known as Beit Hanina al-Jadid, and formalized that policy in 1980.[12]

In the post 1967 era, according to Ibrahim Mattar, "The first objective of the Israeli planners in drawing these new boundaries was to maximize the land area and minimize the Palestinian population to be included in greater East Jerusalem. By examining the map, one can identify a number of Palestinian villages which have been excluded from the boundaries of greater East Jerusalem but whose lands have been included in these boundaries. For example, in the west, the villages of Beit Iksa and Beit Hanina are considered outside the boundaries while their lands are inside."[22]

After the Second Intifada, Israel began to build the Israeli West Bank barrier, which separated the Jerusalem section of Beit Hanina from the West Bank. Due to its urban nature, the route near the town is part of the 10% which employs a concrete wall. The area has sometimes been the scene of clashes between the Israeli security forces and Palestinian militant factions. On 18 April 2012, a Palestinian family, the Natshehs, was evicted from two houses in the wake of an Israeli court decision that the land was owned by Jews. The Israel Land Fund had purchased the buildings in 1977 as part of a plan for a Jewish neighborhood of 50 apartments called "Nof Shmuel."[23] The Natsheh family stated that the documents were forged and that family members had owned part of the property since the 1940s, but the Israeli court dismissed it citing lack of evidence.[24] The European Union condemned the eviction, and said they were very concerned by the plans to build a new settlement "in the midst of this traditional Palestinian neighborhood."[23][25] On 27 April 2012 about 150 Palestinian, Israeli and foreign activists staged a protest that led to clashes with Israeli police.[26]

In 2012, a street in Beit Hanina was named for Umm Khulthum. Nasreen Kadari, winner of the TV reality show “Eyal Golan is Calling You,” sang one of the Egyptian singer's famous songs, Enta Omri, at the ceremony.[27]

An Israeli newspaper, Ynetnews.com, reported on February 27, 2014 on a report by the Palestinian newspaper Al-Quds that claimed that U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry offered in his discussions with Mahmoud Abbas, president of the Palestinian Authority, to make Beit Hanina the capital of a future Palestinian state. According to Al-Quds, Kerry demanded Abbas to official recognize Israel as a Jewish state, and offered that Beit Hanina neighborhood will be declared as the Palestinian capital instead of the entire east Jerusalem area.[28]

Education

The College of Daawa and Religious Principles was established in Beit Hanina in 1978.[29] A branch of al-Quds University is also located there.[29] There are four mosques in Beit Hanina: Sultan Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque, Bader Mosque, Mosque of Religion College, and Mosque of Teacher's Suburb. Christian schools include the Rosary Sisters and De La Salle. College des Freres built a new school in Beit Hanina in 2000.[30] The Catholic Church runs a community center and St. Jacob's Church. In 2012, the Beit Hanina Girls School, serving grades 5-12, was renovated with funding from the Japanese government.[31]

Transportation

Jerusalem Light Rail
Red Line
Legend
 'Heil Ha-Avir (Air Force Street)
Sayeret Duchifat
 Pisgat Ze'ev Center
 Yekuti'el Adam
 Beit Hanina
 Shuafat
 Es-Sahl
 To depot
 Giv'at HaMivtar
 Ammunition Hill
 Shimon HaTzadik
 Shivtei Israel
 Damascus Gate
 Safra Square (City Hall)
 Jaffa – Center
 Ha-Davidka
 Mahane Yehuda
 Ha-Turim
Central Station
 Kiryat Moshe
 He-'Haluts
 Denia Square
 Yefeh Nof
 Mount Herzl

The neighbourhood’s Main Street, Beit Hanina Road, was previously part of route 60. In the 1990s a new route was built to the east of the neighbourhood, a dual carriageway with 3 lanes in each direction, relieving traffic congestion along the road. The Jerusalem Light Rail has a stop in Beit Hanina.[32]

In 2011, Israel began constructing a road that would link East Jerusalem neighborhoods, including Beit Hanina, to the center of West Jerusalem. According to the Israeli newspaper, Haaretz, "Peace Now representatives argue that the ‘road's current route isn't legal, since the plan designates occupied territory for permanent infrastructures for the occupying power, while completely disregarding the needs of the Palestinian residents in Beit Hanina and the area.'" [33]

People Connected to Beit Hanina

Abdel Hamid Shoman, a native of Beit Hanina, founded the Arab Bank. His son, Abdul-Majid Shoman, succeeded his father as the chairman of the Arab Bank in 1974. In 2005, The New York Times reported on the death of Abdul-Majid Shoman and explained that “Mr. Shoman was from a prominent Palestinian family from the West Bank town of Beit Hanina. His father, Abdul-Hamid Shoman, established the first branch of the Arab Bank in Jerusalem in 1930. The bank was a symbol of Palestinian aspirations, representing a drive to create financial institutions for a new nation.”[34] According to Lawrence Joffe,"Often Shoman rescued Jordan from fiscal disaster. In 2000 he released funds to support the Jordanian dinar, which had collapsed after King Hussein died."[35]

In 2010, Akiva Eldar reported in Haaretz that the-then Palestinian Authority prime minister, Salam Fayyad, lived in Beit Hanina. Eldar wrote: "Last Tuesday we accompanied the Palestinian prime minister during his workday as a state-builder. Early in the morning his black Mercedes left the well-guarded villa in the Beit Hanina neighborhood on Jerusalem's northern outskirts. There Fayyad lives with his wife and his younger son, a student at a high school in the city." [36]

Environmental issues

Since Beit Hanina is an east Jerusalem village, it has the same environmental concerns as the rest of Palestine and Israel. In the journal article,"Scenario Development for 2050 for the Israeli/Palestinian Water Sector," Jonathan Chenoweth describes what can happen as the population increases with regard to water scarcity. Chenoweth states,"Already Israel and Palestine have very low water resources availability compared to the global average (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2004). In the case of Palestine, this water scarcity directly impacts upon daily life and economic activity for much of the population. With rapid population growth in the region and water resources already inadequate, the long-term hydrological future of region appears problematic."[37]

Palestine is experiencing a severe water crisis caused mainly by the lack of control over the Palestinian water resources. At present the average per capita water consumption by the Palestinian population is approximately 55 l/c/d, or 55% of the WHO minimum standard of 100 l/c/d. The above statements show that the communal water supply for the Palestinian population is substantially inadequate by international standards. The available water resources in the Middle East are scarce, limited, fragile and threatened. They are already exploited, especially in Palestine. A large proportion of the water resources in the Middle East in general, and in Palestine as particular, are transboundary and final arrangements on water resources allocation between Palestinians and Israelis are not yet in place for "fair and equitable apportionment".[38]

Palestinians in Beit Hanina and East Jerusalem in general usually have less water supplies than other parts of Jerusalem. For example, in July 2012, Haaretz reported, "For the past month the water supply to tens of thousands of Palestinian homes in East Jerusalem has been sporadic, at times no more than two days a week. The problem affects communities connected to the city water system as well as ones that receive their water from the Palestinian Authority."[39]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Palmer, 1881, p. 286
  2. ↑ Jerusalem neighborhoods
  3. ↑ High Court approves Bir Nabalah enclave. B'Tselem, 26 November 2006
  4. ↑ Lands of Beit Hanina (Al-Balad) village threatened by the Israeli Segregation Wall. Applied Research Institute (ARIJ), 8 August 2006
  5. ↑ "Table III/16 - Population of Jerusalem, by Age, Quarter, Sub-Quarter and Statistical Area, 2007", Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook, Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 2008
  6. ↑ "Table 26: Localities in the West Bank by Selected Indicators, 2007", 2007 Census, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, p. 116
  7. ↑ Dabbag, M.M, "Our Nativeland Palestine"
  8. ↑ Eisenbud, Daniel. "Roman-era roadway discovered in Beit Hanina". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  9. ↑ About Beit Hanina Official Website Beit Hanina Community Center; Mohamed Shaker Sifadden
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Guérin, 1868, p. 394
  11. ↑ Sharon, 1999, pp. 94-97.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Beit Hanina Community Center
  13. ↑ Canaan, 1927:14, cited in Sharon, 1999, pp. 94 -97
  14. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 120
  15. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 146
  16. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 8
  17. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  18. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 38
  19. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 56
  20. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 101
  21. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 151
  22. ↑ Mattar, Ibrahim (1983). "From Palestinian to Israeli: Jerusalem 1948-1982". Journal of Palestine Studies: 57–63. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lidman, Melanie Arab family evicted in Jerusalem, Jews move in. Jerusalem Post. 2012-04-18.
  24. ↑ Hasson, Nir. First Palestinian family evicted from Beit Hanina. Haaretz. 2012-04-19.
  25. ↑ EU condemns eviction of Palestinian family in East Jerusalem. Ma'an News Agency. 2012-04-21.
  26. ↑ Clashes in Jerusalem over occupied Palestinian homes. France 24. 2012-04-27.
  27. ↑ Barkat dedicates 'Um Kulthum' street in e. J'lem, Jerusalem Post
  28. ↑ Levy, Elior. "Report: Kerry offered Beit Hanina as Palestinian capital". ynetnews.com. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 :: Al-Quds University :: The Arab University in Jerusalem :: General Information ::
  30. ↑ Brother Schools in Palestine
  31. ↑ Handover Ceremony for the Rehabilitation Work at Beit Hanina Girls’ School Funded by Government of Japan
  32. ↑ "The Jerusalem Light Rail Map". Citypass. Retrieved 2009-11-08
  33. ↑ Eldar, Akiva. "Israel paving road to link East Jerusalem neighborhoods to city center". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  34. ↑ "Abdul-Majid Shoman, Banker in Jordan, Dies". The New York Times.
  35. ↑ Joffe, Lawrence. "Abdul-Majid Shoman Chairman of the Arab Bank and key player in the PLO". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  36. ↑ Eldar, Akiva. "A day in the life of the Palestinian Ben-Gurion". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  37. ↑ Chenoweth, Jonathan (23 June 2006). "Scenario Development for 2050 for the Israeli/Palestinian Water Sector". Population and Environment: 245–261.
  38. ↑ Ali Ahmad Abu Zahra, Bader (May 2001). "Water crisis in Palestine". Desalination 136 (1-3): 93–99. doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(01)00169-2.
  39. ↑ Hasson, Nir. "Tens of thousands of Palestinians suffer from water supply disruptions in East Jerusalem". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 February 2014.

Bibliography

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