Beauchamp Duff
| Sir Beauchamp Duff | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Born |
17 February 1855 Turriff, Scotland |
| Died |
20 January 1918 (aged 62) London, England |
| Allegiance |
 United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Indian Army |
| Years of service | 1874–1918 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands held |
Commander-in-Chief, India Chief of the General Staff (India) |
| Battles/wars |
North-West Frontier Second Boer War First World War |
| Awards |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire Knight of Justice of the Order of St John |
General Sir Beauchamp Duff GCB, GCSI, KCVO, CIE, KStJ (17 February 1855 – 20 January 1918) was a Scottish officer with a distinguished military career in the British Indian Army, serving as Commander-in-Chief of India during the First World War.
Early life
Duff was educated at Trinity College, Glenalmond before attending the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from which he graduated in 1874. Duff was commissioned in the Royal Artillery in 1874[1] and served in the Afghan War from 1878 to 1880.[1] In 1881, he was transferred to the Indian Staff Corps and then attended the Staff College from 1888 to 1889.[1]
Family life
Duff married 1876 Grace Wood, daughter of Oswald Wood of the Punjab Uncovenanted Civil Service. They had two sons and a daughter.
Career
He was Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General at the Indian Army Headquarters from 1891 to 1895, then served as a Brigade Major in the Isazai Expedition in 1892.[1] He was Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General during the Waziristan Expedition from 1894 to 1895.[1]
From 1895 to 1899 he was Military Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief in India before being appointed Assistant Military Secretary for Indian Affairs in the War Office in 1899.[1] However, the same year he took part in the South African War of 1899 to 1901.[1] Upon returning to India, he served as Deputy Adjutant-General at the Indian Army Headquarters from 1901 to 1902, before commanding the Allahabad District as a brigadier-general in 1903.[1]
With the appointment of Lord Kitchener as Commander-in-Chief of India in November 1902, Duff quickly rose in ranks, serving first as Adjutant-General, India from June 1903 to March 1906 and then as Chief of the General Staff in India from March 1906 to 1909.[1] Following Kitchener's departure, Duff served as Secretary in the Military Department of the India Office from 1910 to 1914.[1]
In 1914, he was appointed as ADC General to HM the King.
On 8 March 1914, Duff reached the top position when replacing General O'Moore Creagh as Commander-in-Chief, India.[1] His appointment was a change to normal practice as the post was normally held by a British Army officer rather than Beauchamp Duff who was part of the Indian Army and it was the first time it had been done.[2] Charles Monro took over the post in June 1917.
First World War
During the war, the Mesopotamian Campaign was under the responsibility of the Indian Army up until the disaster surrounding the surrender at Kut.
The campaign started well with the landing in Basra in November 1914, but the attack on Baghdad by 9,000 troops of the 6th Indian Division commanded by General Townshend in 1915 ended in catastrophe when the remnants of the British invasion force were surrounded in Kut El Amara, and three attempts to relieve the trapped British and Indian troops also ended in failure, at the cost of 23,000 lives.[3] The surrender on 29 April 1916 was described as one of the worst military disasters of the British Army. Consequently, Duff was relieved of command on 1 October 1916. In 1917, the Mesopotamia Commission of Enquiry was damning in its conclusions. While General Townshend was exonerated, the Commission was harsh towards the Government of India and Duff together with the Viceroy, Lord Hardinge. Both were found to have showed little desire to help and some desire actually to obstruct the energetic prosecution of the war.[4]
General Nixon, the Commander-in-Chief of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, was also held responsible for the failed campaign.[3] Unable to live with the shame, Duff committed suicide on 20 January 1918.[3]
Ranks
- Lieutenant (1874)
- Captain (1886)
- Major (1894)
- Lieutenant-Colonel (1894)
- Colonel (1898)
- Brigadier-General (1902)
- Major-General (1903)
- Lieutenant-General
- General (1911)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives
- ↑ "Commander-In-Chief In India." Times [London, England] 22 Oct. 1913: 8. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 First World War disaster general's medals go under the hammer The Scotsman, 8 July 2006
- ↑ Report of the Mesopotamia Commission of Enquiry, p. 123
The Book of the Duffs, Taylor (Alisstar and Henrietta), 1914, Pub: W Brown of Edinburgh
External links
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Horace Smith-Dorrien |
Adjutant-General, India 1903–1906 |
Succeeded by Alfred Martin |
| Preceded by New Post |
Chief of the General Staff (India) 1906–1909 |
Succeeded by Sir Douglas Haig |
| Preceded by Sir O'Moore Creagh |
Military Secretary to the India Office 1909–1914 |
Succeeded by Sir Edmund Barrow |
| Preceded by Sir O'Moore Creagh |
Commander-in-Chief, India 1914–1916 |
Succeeded by Sir Charles Monro |