Battle of Himara

Battle of Himara
Part of the Greco-Italian War
Date13–22 December 1940
LocationHimara, Albania
Result Greek victory
Greek Army enters Himara
Belligerents
 Fascist Italy
51 Infantry Division Siena		  Kingdom of Greece
3rd Infantry Division
3/40 Evzone Regiment
Commanders and leaders
Mj. Gen. Georgios Bakos
Col. Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos

The Battle of Himara (Greek: Η Μάχη της Χειμάρρας) was a military conflict that took place in the Greco-Italian War in December 1940, during the counteroffensive of the Greek Army that followed the failed Italian invasion of Greece. After the Greek victory in Himara, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, admitted that one of the causes of the Italian defeat was the high morale of the Greek troops.[1]

Background

The Italian Army, initially deployed on the Greek-Albanian border, launched a major offensive against Greece on 28 October 1940. After a two-week conflict, Greece managed to repel the invading Italians in the battles of Pindus and Elaia-Kalamas. Beginning on 9 November, the Greek forces launched a counteroffensive and penetrated deep into Italian-held Albanian territory all over the front. As a result the Greek forces entered the cities and towns of the region one after another: Korçë, on 22 November, Pogradec, on 30 November, Sarandë, on 6 December, and Gjirokastër, on 8 December.[2]

Battle

On 13 December, Porto Palermo, a coastal village south of Himara came under the control of the Greek forces.[3] Two days later, the Greek 3rd Infantry Division continued the offensive toward Himara. However, the advance was slowed down due to heavy enemy counter-action, supported by air force raids, as well as extremely harsh weather conditions. On 19 December, the Greek forces after a hard fight captured the Giami height.[4] Meanwhile, at the dawn of same day, the 3/40 Evzone Regiment under Col. Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos launched, without artillery preparation, a surprise attack against the Italian troops at Mount Mali i Xhorët (or Mount Pilur), a strategic spot east of Himara. The Evzones of the regiment, after being informed about the topography of the region by locals, performed a charge with fixed bayonets from various positions against the Italian garrison.[5] Although the snow was three-feet high, this eventually helped the advancing Greek troops to tackle the barbed wire to capture an Italian mountain battery.[6] After three days of fierce fighting, the men of the 3rd Division took control of the height, as well as the Kuç saddle.

Penetration of the Greek forces (13 November 1940-7 April 1941) and deployment of major units.

The successful outcome of the capture of Kuç saddle was of significant importance, since the occupation of this location gave access to the valey of Shushicë. Furthermore, the Italian troops lost six artillery guns, a mortar company and a multitude of war supplies. The Greek losses did not exceed 100 killed in action and wounded, while the Italians had approximately 400 casualties and more than 900 were taken prisoners.[4]

On 21 December, the Greek forces captured the height of Tsipista northwest of Himara. To avoid encirclement, the Italians abandoned Himara. Finally, the Greek troops entered the town in the morning on 22 December,[4] where they were welcomed by the locals with enthusiastic celebrations.[7]

Aftermath

The capture of Himara was celebrated as a major success in Greece and proved that the Greek army was in condition to continue the advance pushing the Italians further north.[8][9] On the other hand, the Italian headquarters was alarmed by the Greek success, and on 24 December Benito Mussolini addressed his concerns to the Italian military commander, Ugo Cavallero.[4] In his letter, Mussolini, does not doubt that one of the causes of the Italian defeat was the high morale of the Greek forces, which led to their capture of Himara.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tsirpanlis, Zacharias N. (1992). "The Morale of the Greek and the Italian Soldier in the 1940–41 War". Balkan Studies (Institute for Balkan Studies) 33: 111–190.
  2. ↑ Willmott, H.P. (2008). The great crusade : a new complete history of the Second World War (Rev. ed. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-191-1.
  3. ↑ Sir Ronald Storrs, Philip Perceval Graves (1940). A Record of the war. Hutchinson & Co. p. 112.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 An abridged history of the Greek-Italian and Greek-German war, 1940–1941: (land operations). Athens: Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate. 1997. p. 117.
  5. ↑ Terzakis, Angelos (1990). Ελληνική Εποποιϊα 1940–1941 (in Greek). Athens: Hellenic Army General Staff. pp. 149–150.
  6. ↑ Sir Ronald Storrs, Philip Perceval Graves (1940). A Record of the war. Hutchinson & Co. p. 112.
  7. ↑ Tourist Guide of Himarë. Bashkia e Himarës.
  8. ↑ Cervi, Mario (1972). The hollow legions: Mussolini's blunder in Greece, 1940–1941. transl. from the Italian by Eric Mosbacher. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7011-1351-3.
  9. ↑ Willingham, Matthew (2005). Perilous commitments: the battle for Greece and Crete: 1940–1941 (1. publ. in Great Britain ed.). Staplehurst: Spellmount. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-86227-236-1.