Basketmaker III Era

The Basketmaker III Era (AD 500 to 750) also called the "Modified Basketmaker" period, was the third period in which Ancient Pueblo People were cultivating food, began making pottery and living in more sophisticated clusters of pit-house dwellings. Hunting was easier with the adoption of the bow and arrow.

Architecture

In the Basketmaker III Era people continued to live in pit-houses, but the architecture changed. Now the houses were larger, included division on the space into sections, a large central hearth, addition of vestibules, and slabs of stone were used to line the walls.[1]

Most pit-houses were built out in the open on tops of mesas. Pit-houses were built in a hole several feet deep between 8 to 20 feet (2.4 to 6.1 m) in diameter. A log frame was built to support side walls and a roof that were covered with woven reeds, grass and, lastly, mud for weatherproofing. In the center of a roof was an opening used for ventilation and an entrance to the dwelling. Some pit-houses had an attached storage room.[2][3]

Communities

Basket, Basketmaker Culture, Ancestral Pueblo
Map of Ancient Pueblo People in the American Southwest and Mexico.
Mesa Verde National Park Basketmaker III - Pueblo I Decorated Bowl Sherds
Example of a pit-house

Mesa Verde. Small groupings of pit houses were built on the top of mesas.[4]

Chaco Canyon. From about AD 450-700 more than 200 Basketmaker sites sat on Chaco Canyon mesas, ridges, and the canyon floor. The sites had clusters of 1-20 pit-houses. One of its villages, Shabik'eschee, was the type site for this period.[5] Although most village sites were relatively small during this period, Shabik'eschee (about AD 550 - 700) contained 18 pit-houses for an estimated 77 people, more than 50 storage pits, and a large pit-house used for celebration and rituals. This compares to an average settlement for 5 to 15 people. The large pit-house was likely a "great" kiva. Based on the number of extra pit-houses for storage, it is possible that the village was visited from nearby settlers.[1]

Pleasant View, Colorado. There may have been pressure within the Basketmaker III communities to ensure their safety. Stockades encircled pit-houses in at least 11 sites within a 10 miles of Pleasant View, Colorado. The settlements (dated from AD 600-700) could have been fenced to ensure safety of children or contain domesticated dogs and turkeys. It is considered is more likely that they were built as a defensive measure, based upon extensive collections of burnt artifacts from the sites. A theory is that other local people may have waged war having felt displaced by the number of new Basketmaker III settlements in the area.[6]

Culture and religion

During this period the social and political structure was likely informal, with heads of households making decisions by consensus.[1]

Petroglyphs of people and animals were made in the Petrified Forest National Park during this period.[7]

Agriculture

Beans, squash and maize were cultivated in this period. The farm also include the raising of turkeys, both for feathers and a source of food.[1][4] Food was kept in storage cists, below ground pits that were lined and covered with stone. People also hunted, trapped and gathered wild nuts, plants and fruit.[3]

Pottery

In the Basketmaker III era pottery was introduced which reduced the number of baskets that they made and eliminated the creation of woven bags. Simple, gray pottery was a more effective vessel for cooking, storage and carrying water.[3][4] The people in the area of the Petrified Forest National Park made Adamana Brown pottery, considered the earliest pottery on the Colorado Plateau.[7][8]

Material goods

The Basketmaker people's skill at making baskets and weaving improves during this period. Part of their output includes bags, baskets, sandals, sashes and other woven items. Pitch-lined baskets held water where food was cooked by placing hot stones in a water-filled basket. Bows and arrows made hunting easier and thus the acquisition of hides for clothing. Spears and darts continued to be used, but with less regularity. Turkey feathers were woven into blankets and robes. Babies were carried in soft, non-deforming cradle boards.[1][3][4]

Other common material goods of the time were:

Cultural groups and periods

The cultural groups of this period include:[9]

Notable Basketmaker III sites

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Ancestral Pueblo - Basketmaker III. Anthropology Laboratories of the Northern Arizona University. Retrieved 10-14-2011.
  2. ↑ The Ancient Ones. Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado. Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 10-16-2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Ancestral Puebloan Chronology (teaching aid). Mesa Verde National Park, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-16-2011.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Wenger, Gilbert R. The Story of Mesa Verde National Park. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. pp. 33-37. ISBN 0-937062-15-4.
  5. ↑ Late Basketmaker Period. Chaco Culture National Historical Park, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-15-2011.
  6. ↑ Hurley, Warren F. X. (2000). A Retrospective on the Four Corners Archeological Program. National Park Service. Pages 2-3. Retrieved 10-15-2011.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ancient Farmers. Petrified Forest National Park, National Park Services. Retrieved 10-16-2011.
  8. ↑ It's Not Rocket Science Contributions to the Archeology of Petrified Forest National Park in Honor of Bob Cooper. tDAR - The Digital Archaeological Record, Digital Antiquity. 2010. Retrieved 10-16-2011.
  9. ↑ Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998) Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 14, 408. ISBN 0-8153-0725-X.

Further reading