Barnard College

Barnard College
Motto Hepomene toi logismoi
Motto in English
 Following the Way of Reason
Established 1889
Type Private liberal arts college
Women's college
Endowment $244.2 million (as of 2013)[1]
President Debora Spar
Academic staff
 375
Undergraduates 2,360
Postgraduates none
Location New York City, New York, USA
40°48′35″N 73°57′49″W / 40.8096°N 73.9635°WCoordinates: 40°48′35″N 73°57′49″W / 40.8096°N 73.9635°W
Campus Urban
Colors Blue and white          
Athletics NCAA Division I – Ivy League
(Competes under Columbia University)
Sports 16 varsity teams
Nickname Barnard Bears
Mascot Millie the Dancing Bear[2]
Affiliations Columbia University
NAICU
Seven Sisters
Website www.barnard.edu

Barnard College is a private women's liberal arts college and one of the Seven Sisters. Founded in 1889, it has been affiliated with Columbia University since 1900. Barnard's 4-acre (1.6 ha) campus stretches along Broadway between 116th and 120th Streets in the Morningside Heights neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. It is directly adjacent to Columbia's campus and near several other academic institutions and has been used by Barnard since 1898.

History

The entrance to Barnard Hall

Barnard College was founded to provide an undergraduate education for women comparable to that of Columbia University and other Ivy League schools. Columbia admitted only men for undergraduate study until 1983.[3] The college was named after Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, an American educator and mathematician, who served as the tenth president of the then-Columbia College from 1864 to 1889. He advocated equal educational privileges for men and women, preferably in a coeducational setting, and began proposing in 1879 that Columbia admit women. The board of trustees repeatedly rejected Barnard's suggestion,[4] but in 1883 agreed to create a detailed syllabus of study for women. While they could not attend Columbia classes, those who passed examinations based on the syllabus would receive a degree. The first such woman graduate received her bachelor's degree in 1887. A former student of the program, Annie Nathan Meyer,[5] and other prominent New York women persuaded the board in 1889 to create a women's college connected to Columbia.[4]

Barnard College's original 1889 home was a rented brownstone at 343 Madison Avenue, where a faculty of six offered instruction to 14 students in the School of Arts, as well as to 22 "specials", who lacked the entrance requirements in Greek and so enrolled in science. When Columbia University announced in 1892 its impending move to Morningside Heights, Barnard built a new campus on 119th-120th Streets with gifts from Mary E. Brinckerhoff, Elizabeth Milbank Anderson and Martha T. Fiske. Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls, built in 1897–1898, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.[6] Ella Weed supervised the college in its first four years; Emily James Smith succeeded her as Barnard's first dean.[4] As the college grew it needed additional space, and in 1903 it received the three blocks south of 119th Street from Anderson who had purchased a former portion of the Bloomingdale Asylum site from the New York Hospital.[7] By the mid-20th century Barnard had succeeded in its original goal of providing an elite education to women. Between 1920 and 1974, only the much larger Hunter College and University of California, Berkeley produced more women graduates who later received doctorate degrees.[8]

Students' Hall, now known as Barnard Hall, was built in 1916. Brooks and Hewitt Halls were built in 1906–1907 and 1926–1927, respectively.[9] They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.[6]

Relationship with Columbia University

Hewitt Hall, a dormitory

Barnard president Debora Spar said in 2012, "the relationship [between Barnard and Columbia] is admittedly a complicated one, a unique one and one that may take a few sentences to explain to the outside community".[10] The college's front gates state Barnard College of Columbia University.[11] Barnard describes itself as "both an independently incorporated educational institution and an official college of Columbia University",[12] and advises students to state "Barnard College, Columbia University" or "Barnard College of Columbia University" on résumés.[13] Columbia describes Barnard as an affiliated institution[14] that is a faculty of the university[15] or is "in partnership with" it.[16] An academic journal describes Barnard as a former affiliate that became a school within the university.[4] Facebook includes Barnard students and alumnae within the Columbia interest group.[17] Both the college and Columbia evaluate Barnard faculty for tenure,[18] and Barnard graduates receive Columbia University diplomas signed by both the Barnard and Columbia presidents.[19]

Smith and Columbia president Seth Low worked to open Columbia classes to Barnard students. By 1900 they could attend Columbia classes in philosophy, political science, and several scientific fields.[4] That year Barnard formalized an affiliation with the university which made available to its students the instruction and facilities of Columbia.[12] Franz Boas, who taught at both Columbia and Barnard in the early 1900s, was among those faculty members who reportedly found Barnard students superior to their male Columbia counterparts.[8] From 1955 Columbia and Barnard students could register for the other school's classes with the permission of the instructor; from 1973 no permission was needed.[5]

Columbia president William J. McGill predicted in 1970 that Barnard College and Columbia College would merge within five years.[20] Columbia's financial difficulties during the 1970s increased its desire to merge,[21] but Barnard resisted doing so because of the university's large debt.[22] After a decade of failed negotiations for a merger with Barnard akin to the one between Harvard College and Radcliffe College, Columbia College instead began admitting women in 1983.[23] Applications to Columbia rose 56% that year, making admission more selective, and nine Barnard students transferred to Columbia. Eight students admitted to both Columbia and Barnard chose Barnard, while 78 chose Columbia.[24]

The Columbia-Barnard affiliation continued.[23] As of 2012 Barnard pays Columbia about $5 million a year under the terms of the "interoperate relationship", which the two schools renegotiate every 15 years.[10] Despite the affiliation Barnard is legally and financially separate from Columbia, with an independent faculty and board of trustees. It is responsible for its own separate admissions, health, security, guidance and placement services, and has its own alumnae association. Nonetheless, Barnard students participate in the academic, social, athletic and extracurricular life of the broader University community on a reciprocal basis. The affiliation permits the two schools to share some academic resources; for example, only Barnard has an urban studies department, and only Columbia has a computer science department. Most Columbia classes are open to Barnard students and vice versa. Barnard students and faculty are represented in the University Senate, and student organizations such as the Columbia Daily Spectator are open to all students. Barnard students play on Columbia athletics teams, and Barnard uses Columbia email, telephone and network services.[19][10]

Admissions

Admissions to Barnard is considered most selective by U.S. News & World Report.[25] It is the most selective women's college in the nation;[26] in 2008, Barnard had the lowest acceptance rate of the five Seven Sisters that remain single-sex in admissions.[27][28][29]

The class of 2017's admission rate was 20.5%, a new record low.[30] The class of 2016 set the admission rate at a 21%, with 5,440 applications received.[31] For the class of 2015, 5,154 applications were received, setting the admission rate at 24.9%.[32] For the class of 2014, the admit rate was 27.8%, with 4,618 applications received.[33] For the class of 2013, 90.3% ranked in first or second decile at their high school (of the 35.0% ranked by their schools). The average GPA of the class of 2013 was 94.6 on a 100-pt. scale and 3.84 on a 4.0 scale.[34] For the class of 2012, the admission rate was 28.5% of the 4,273 applications received. The early-decision admission rate was 47.7%, out of 392 applications. The median SAT Combined was 2060, with median subscores of 660 in Math, 690 in Critical Reading, and 700 in Writing. The Median ACT score was 30. Of the women in the class of 2012, 89.4% ranked in first or second decile at their high school (of the 41.3% ranked by their schools). The average GPA of the class of 2012 was 94.3 on a 100-point scale and 3.88 on a 4.0 scale.[34] For the class of 2011, Barnard College admitted 28.7% of those who applied. The median ACT score was 30, while the median combined SAT score was 2100.[34]

Academic ranking

In the 2014 U.S. News & World Report rankings, Barnard was ranked as the 32nd best liberal arts college in the country.[35] The ranking came under widespread criticism, as it only accounted for institution-specific resources. Greg Brown, chief operating officer at Barnard, said, "I believe that our ranking is lower than it should be, primarily because the methodology simply can't account for the Barnard-Columbia relationship. Because the Columbia relationship doesn't fit neatly into any of the survey categories, it is essentially ignored. Rankings are inherently limited in this way."

In 1998, then president Judith Shapiro compared the ranking service to the "equivalent of Sport's Illustrated‍‍ '​‍s swimsuit issue." According to Shapiro's letter, "Such a ranking system certainly does more harm than good in terms of educating the public." [36] On June 19, 2007, following a meeting of the Annapolis Group, which represents over 100 liberal arts colleges, Barnard announced that it would no longer participate in the U.S. News annual survey, and that they would fashion their own way to collect and report common data.[37]

Barnard Library

Lehman Hall, where the college's library is located

Barnard's Wollman Library is located in Adele Lehman Hall.[38] Its collection includes over 300,000 volumes which support the undergraduate curriculum. It also houses an archival collection of official and student publications, photographs, letters and other material that documents Barnard's history from its founding in 1889 to the present day. Barnard's rare books collections include the Overbury Collection, the personal library of Nobel prize-winning poet Gabriela Mistral, and a small collection of other rare books. The Overbury Collection consists of 3,300 items, including special and first edition books as well as manuscript materials by and about American women authors. Alumnae Books is a collection of books donated by Barnard alumnae authors. Conflicting accounts list either Richard B. Snow or Philip M. Chu as the architect of Lehman Hall... as well as of the Amherst College library and one of the libraries at Princeton University.[39][40] The 65,000-square-foot (6,000 m2) building opened in 1959.

Zine Collection

Birthed from a proposal by longtime zinester Jenna Freedman, Barnard collects zines in an effort to document the third-wave feminism and Riot Grrrl culture. The Zine Collection complements Barnard's women's studies research holdings because it gives room to voices of girls and women otherwise under or not at all represented in the book stacks. According to its Library collection development policy, Barnard's zines are "written by New York City and other urban women with an emphasis on zines by women of color. (In this case the word woman includes anyone who identifies as female and some who don't believe in binary gender.) The zines are personal and political publications on activism, anarchism, body image, third wave feminism, gender, parenting, queer community, riotgrrrl, sexual assault, and other topics."[41]

Barnard's collection documents movements and trends in feminist thought through the personal work of artists, writers, and activists. Currently, the Barnard Zine Collection has over 4,000 items, including zines about race, gender, sexuality, childbirth, motherhood, politics, and relationships. Barnard attempts to collect two copies of each zine, one of which circulates with the second copy archived for preservation. To facilitate circulation, Barnard zines are cataloged in CLIO (the Columbia/Barnard OPAC) and OCLC's Worldcat.

Culture and student life

Barnard College Greek Games statue

Student organizations

Every Barnard student is part of the Student Government Association (SGA), which elects a representative student government. SGA aims to facilitate the expression of opinions on matters that directly affect the Barnard community. Members of the Executive Board and the Representative Council of SGA promote these goals through active communication between students, faculty, and administration. The Executive Board includes the President of SGA, Vice President, Vice President for Campus Life, Vice President for Communications,and Vice President of Finance. Members of the Representative Council include the Senior Representative to the Board of Trustees, Junior Representative to the Board of Trustees, University Senator, Representative for Campus Policy, Representative for Academic Affairs, Representative for Diversity, Representative for Student Services, Representative for Student Interests, Representative for College Relations, Representative for Arts and Culture, Representative for Campus Affairs, and Representative for Information and Technology. In addition to these members the President and Vice President of each Class Council also sit on the Representative Council.

Student groups include theatre and vocal music groups, language clubs, literary magazines, a freeform radio station called WBAR, a biweekly magazine called the Barnard Bulletin, community service groups, and others. Barnard students can also join extracurricular activities or organizations at Columbia University, while Columbia University students are allowed in most, but not all, Barnard organizations.

Barnard's McIntosh Activities Council (commonly known as McAC), named after the first President of Barnard, Millicent McIntosh, organizes various community focused events on campus, such as Big Sub and Midnight Breakfast. McAC is made up of five sub-committees which are the Multicultural committee, the Wellness committee, the Network committee, the Community committee, and the Action committee. Each committee has a different focus, such as hosting and publicizing multicultural events (Multicultural), having health and wellness related events (Wellness), giving students opportunities to be involved with Alumnae and various professionals (Network), planning events that bring the entire student body together (Community), and planning community service events that give back to the surrounding community (Action).

In 2011, Barnard's SGA and McAC will work together to bring back the Greek Games, an old but quite famous Barnard tradition.

Barnard College officially banned sororities in 1913,[42] but Barnard students continue to participate in Columbia's five National Panhellenic Conference sororities—Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta, and Sigma Delta Tau—and the National Pan-Hellenic Council Sororities- Alpha Kappa Alpha (Lambda chapter) and Delta Sigma Theta (Rho chapter) as well as other sororities in the Multicultural Greek Council. Two National Panhellenic Conference organizations were founded at Barnard College. The Alpha Omicron Pi Fraternity, founded on January 2, 1897, left campus during the 1913 ban but returned to establish its Alpha chapter in 2013. The Alpha Epsilon Phi, founded on October 24, 1909, is no longer on campus. As of 2010, Barnard does not fully recognize the National Panhellenic Conference sororities at Columbia, but it does provide some funding to account for Barnard students living in Columbia housing through these organizations.[43]

Traditions

The southern end of the Diana Center, the college's student center

Athletics

Barnard athletes compete in the Ivy League (NCAA Division I) through the Columbia/Barnard Athletic Consortium, which was established in 1983. Through this arrangement, Barnard is the only women's college offering Division I athletics.[45] There are 15 intercollegiate teams, and students also compete at the intramural and club levels.

From 1975–1983, before the establishment of the Columbia/Barnard Athletic Consortium, Barnard students competed as the "Barnard Bears".[46] Prior to 1975, students referred to themselves as the "Barnard honeybears".

Seven Sisters—student collaborations

Established within the Barnard Student Government Association (SGA), The Seven Sisters Governing Board represents Barnard College as part of the Seven Sisters Coalition, which is a group of representatives from student councils of the historic Seven Sisters colleges. The reps on the coordinating board of Seven Sisters Coalition are rotating every year to hold the annual Seven Sisters Conference in a serious but informal setting. The first Seven Sisters Conference was hosted by SGA student representatives at Barnard College in 2009.[47] In fall 2013, the conference was hosted by Vassar college during the first weekend of November. The major topic focused on inner college collaborations and differences in student government structures among Seven Sisters Colleges. The Seven Sisters Coordinating Board of Barnard brought six Barnard student representatives to attend the Fall Semester conference, which was hosted at Vassar College in the past fall semester. Based on the Coalition Coordinating Board Constitution[48] established in February 2013, Students delegates were initiating projects in the aspects of public relations,alumni outreach and website management to promote the presence and development of the seven sisters culture. Meanwhile, The Barnard delegates engaged in discussions about the various structures of the student governments among the historic seven sisters colleges.

Sustainability

Barnard College has issued a statement affirming its commitment to environmental sustainability, a major part of which is the goal of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2017.[49][50] Student EcoReps work as a resource on environmental issues for students in Barnard's residence halls, while the student-run Earth Coalition works on outreach initiatives such as local park clean-ups, tutoring elementary school students in environmental education, and sponsoring environmental forums.[51] Barnard earned a "C-" for its sustainability efforts on the College Sustainability Report Card 2009 published by the Sustainable Endowments Institute. Its highest marks were in Student Involvement and Food and Recycling, receiving a "B" in both categories.[52]

Liberal arts requirements

The liberal arts requirements are called the Nine Ways of Knowing. Students must take one year of one laboratory science, study a single foreign language for four semesters, and complete one 3-credit course in each of the following categories: reason and value, social analysis, historical studies, cultures in comparison, quantitative and deductive reasoning, literature, and visual and performing arts. The use of AP or IB credit to fulfill these requirements is very limited, but Nine Ways of Knowing courses may overlap with major or minor requirements. In addition to the Nine Ways of Knowing, students must complete a first-year seminar, a first-year English course, and one semester of physical education.

Controversies

In the spring of 1960 Columbia University president Grayson Kirk complained to the president of Barnard that Barnard students were wearing inappropriate clothing. The garments in question were pants and Bermuda shorts. The administration forced the student council to institute a dress code. Students would be allowed to wear shorts and pants only at Barnard and only if the shorts were no more than two inches above the knee and the pants were not tight. Barnard women crossing the street to enter the Columbia campus wearing shorts or pants were required to cover themselves with a long coat similar to a jilbab.[53][54]

In March 1968, The New York Times ran an article on students who cohabited, identifying one of the persons they interviewed as a student at Barnard College from New Hampshire named "Susan".[55] Barnard officials searched their records for women from New Hampshire and were able to determine that "Susan" was the pseudonym of a student (Linda LeClair) who was living with her boyfriend, a student at Columbia University. She was called before Barnard's student-faculty administration judicial committee, where she faced the possibility of expulsion. A student protest included a petition signed by 300 other Barnard women, admitting that they too had broken the regulations against cohabitating. The judicial committee reached a compromise and the student was allowed to remain in school, but was denied use of the college cafeteria and barred from all social activities. The student briefly became a focus of intense national attention. She eventually dropped out of Barnard.[56][5][57]

In October 2011, the Barnard administration issued a controversial policy that mandated that every student must pay full-time tuition as of fall 2012, regardless of how many credits were taken. Students, families, and faculty alike responded with a petition on Change.org and a protest from students.[58]

Leaders

A view of Milbank Hall, Barnard College

Notable people

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2013 Endowment Market Value and Change* in Endowment Market Value from FY 2012 to FY 2013" (PDF). National Association of College and University Business Officers. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  2. ↑ "At-a-Glance". Barnard College. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  3. ↑ Farmer, Melanie. "College Marks 25 years of Coeducation". The Record. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Weneck, Bette (Spring 1991). "Social and Cultural Stratification in Women's Higher Education: Barnard College and Teachers College, 1898-1912". History of Education Quarterly 31 (1): 1–25. JSTOR 368780.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Rosenberg, Rosalind (1999-09-21). "The Woman Question". Barnard College. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13.
  7. ↑ Plimpton Papers, Barnard College Archives
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Zimmerman, Jonathan (2012-03-14). "Barnard College flap: Competition among women shouldn't be over men". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  9. ↑ Kathleen A. Howe (June 2003). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Brooks and Hewitt Halls". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Stallone, Jessica. "Barnard, CU legally bound, but relationship not always certain for students". Columbia Spectator. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  11. ↑ Teichman, Alysa (2008-10-29). "50 Most Expensive Colleges / Barnard College". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Barnard College Course Catalogue". Barnard.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  13. ↑ "Resume & Letters". Career Development, Barnard College. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  14. ↑ "Undergraduate education at Columbia is offered through Columbia College, the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of General Studies. Undergraduate programs are offered by two affiliated institutions, Barnard College and Jewish Theological Seminary."
  15. ↑ "Organization and Governance of the University". Faculty Handbook 2008. Columbia University. November 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions - Engineering". Undergraduate Admissions, Columbia University. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  17. ↑ "Why is Barnard part of the Columbia network?". Alumnae Affairs, Barnard College. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  18. ↑ Principles and Customs Governing the Procedures of Ad Hoc Committees and University-Wide Tenure Review. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Partnership with Columbia. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  20. ↑ "The Road to Coeducation". Columbia Spectator. 1983-08-29. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  21. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (1975-09-24). "Financial Difficulties Prompt Columbia Report on Merger". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  22. ↑ "A Survey of Co-education in The Ivies". Harvard Crimson. 1974-10-04. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Education: Columbia Decides to Go Coed" Time, February 1, 1982.
  24. ↑ Belkin, Lisa (1983-09-02). "First Women Enrolled at Columbia College". The Palm Beach Post. New York Times. pp. B8. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  25. ↑ "America's Best Colleges 2008: Barnard College: At a glance". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
  26. ↑ Alix Pianin (April 5, 2010). "Barnard admissions rate drops to 26.5 percent". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
  27. ↑ "Rankingsandreviews.com". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  28. ↑ "Rankingsandreviews.com". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  29. ↑ "Rankingsandreviews.com". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  30. ↑ "Barnard admits 20.5%". Bwog. March 30, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Barnard admit rate drops to 21 percent". Columbia Spectator. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  32. ↑ "Barnard 2015 Admissions Stats Out". Bwog. March 30, 2011.
  33. ↑ "At a Glance". barnard.edu. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Barnard Admissions at the Wayback Machine (archived March 8, 2008)
  35. ↑ "Best Liberal Arts College". http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/barnard-college-2708''.
  36. ↑ "US News". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
  37. ↑ Kaplan, Marty (June 20, 2007). "Reaming College Rankings". The Huffington Post.
  38. ↑ "BLAIS | Library". Barnard.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  39. ↑ Thomas, E. (May 14, 2010). "The War Beneath the Sea". The New York Times. He went on to be a successful architect, not unlike Herr Todt, though on a less grandiose scale. He specialized in college buildings; his legacies are the libraries of Barnard, Princeton and Amherst.
  40. ↑ Pace, Eric (November 4, 2003). "Philip Chu, 83, Architect, Dies; Left Legacy of College Libraries". The New York Times.
  41. ↑ Barnard Library Zine Collection. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  42. ↑ Sororities | Barnard College Archives. Barnardarchives.wordpress.com (2010-09-30). Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
  43. ↑ Barnard funding for sororities, but not recognition | Columbia Daily Spectator. Columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
  44. ↑ Nicholas Bergson-Shilcock (2007-03-16). "Take Back the Night". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  45. ↑ Athletics
  46. ↑ "magazine-spring09/6". Issuu.com. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  47. ↑ Seven Sisters Student Coalition. "Leadership Conference". Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  48. ↑ Seven Sisters Coalition. "Coalition Coordinating Board Constitution". Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  49. ↑ "Sustainability At Barnard". Barnard College. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  50. ↑ "Sustainability - Barnard Growing Greener". Barnard College. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  51. ↑ "Groups and Organizations - The Earth Institute at Columbia". Columbia University. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  52. ↑ "Greenreportcard.org". Greenreportcard.org. 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  53. ↑ "Ban on Shorts Threatens Classic Barnard Couture". The New York Times. April 28, 1960. p. 1.
  54. ↑ "Administrative Regulations: Campus Etiquette". Barnard College Blue Book. pp. 87–88.
  55. ↑ Klemesrud, Judy (March 4, 1968). "An arrangement: living together for convenience, security, sex". The New York Times.
  56. ↑ Newsweek, April 8, 1968, p. 85 and Newsweek, April 29, 1968, p. 79-80.
  57. ↑ Bailey, Beth L. (1999). Sex in the heartland. Harvard University Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-674-00974-6.
  58. ↑ "Redact the New Full-Time Fee Policy". Change.org.
  59. ↑ Past Presidents

Sources

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Barnard College.