Barium sulfide

Not to be confused with Barium sulfate.
Barium sulfide
Identifiers
21109-95-5 Yes
ChEBI CHEBI:32590 Yes
ChemSpider 5256933 Yes
EC number 244-214-4
Jmol-3D images Image
PubChem 6857597
Properties
BaS
Molar mass 169.39 g/mol
Density 4.25 g/cm3 [1]
Melting point 1,200 °C (2,190 °F; 1,470 K)
Boiling point decomposes
2.88 g/100 mL (0 °C)
7.68 g/100 mL (20 °C)
60.3 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility insoluble in alcohol
2.155
Structure
Crystal structure Halite (cubic), cF8
Space group Fm3m, No. 225
Octahedral (Ba2+); octahedral (S2−)
Hazards
EU Index 016-002-00-X
EU classification Harmful (Xn)
Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases R20/22, R31, R50
S-phrases (S2), S28, S61
NFPA 704
Flammability code 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g., gasoline) Health code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g., chloroform Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
3
2
0
Related compounds
Other anions
 Barium oxide
Other cations
 Magnesium sulfide
Calcium sulfide
Strontium sulfide
Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
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Infobox references

Barium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula BaS. BaS is an important precursor to other barium compounds including BaCO3 and the pigment lithopone, ZnS/BaSO4.[2] Like other chalcogenides of the alkaline earth metals, BaS is a short wavelength emitters for electronic displays.[3] It is colorless, although like many sulfides, it is commonly obtained in impure colored forms.

Discovery, production, properties

The BaS was prepared by Vincentius (or Vincentinus) Casciarolus (or Casciorolus, 1571-1624) via reduction of BaSO4 (available as the mineral barite).[4] It is currently manufactured by an improved version of Casciarolus's route using coke in place of flour. This kind of conversion is called a carbothermic reaction:

BaSO4 + 2 C → BaS + 2 CO2

The phosphorescence of the material made by Casciarolus made it a curiosity and various alchemists and chemists made experiments with the material which was known as Lapis Boloniensis, Chrysolapis or bologna stone.[5][6][7]

Andreas Sigismund Marggraf showed that calcite and gypsum were not very suitable for the production of the bologna stone, but a special heavy fluorspar, in the end he concluded that calcium sulfate is the material from which the bologna stone is made.[8] Recent investigations have shown that naturally occurring impurities of copper in the barium sulfide produced from barium sulfate deposits near Bologna are the likely cause of the phosphorescence.[9]

BaS crystallizes with the NaCl structure, featuring octahedral Ba2+ and S2− centres.

Safety

BaS is quite poisonous, as are related sulfides, such as CaS, which evolve toxic hydrogen sulfide upon contact with water.

References

  1. ↑ Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
  2. ↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
  3. ↑ Vij, D. R.; Singh, N. "Optical and electrical properties of II-VI wide gap semiconducting barium sulfide" Proceedings of SPIE (1992), 1523 (Conf. Phys. Technol. Semicond. Devices Integr. Circuits, 1992), 608-12.
  4. ↑ F. Licetus, Litheosphorus, sive de lapide Bononiensi lucem in se conceptam ab ambiente claro mox in tenebris mire conservante, Utini, ex typ. N. Schiratti, 1640. See http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_21.htm
  5. ↑ "Lapis Boloniensis". www.zeno.org.
  6. ↑ Lemery, Nicolas (1714). Trait℗e universel des drogues simples.
  7. ↑ Ozanam, Jacques; Montucla, Jean Etienne; Hutton, Charles (1814). Recreations in mathematics and natural philosophy ..
  8. ↑ Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund (1767). Chymische Schriften.
  9. ↑ Lastusaari, Mika; Laamanen, Taneli; Malkamäki, Marja; Eskola, Kari O.; Kotlov, Aleksei; Carlson, Stefan; Welter, Edmund; Brito, Hermi F.; Bettinelli, Marco; Jungner, Högne; Hölsä, Jorma (2012). "The Bologna Stone: history's first persistent luminescent material". European Journal of Mineralogy 24 (5): 885–890. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2012/0024-2224. ISSN 0935-1221.