Baralong Incidents
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The Baralong incidents were naval engagements of the First World War in August and September 1915, involving the Royal Navy Q-ship HMS Baralong, later renamed HMS Wyandra, and two German U-boats.
Baralong sank U-27, which had been preparing to sink a nearby merchant ship, the Nicosian. About a dozen of the crewmen managed to escape the sinking submarine, and Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert, commanding officer of Baralong, ordered the surviving sailors to be summarily executed after they boarded the Nicosian. All the survivors of U-27 's sinking, including several who had reached the Nicosian, were shot by Baralong 's crew. Later, Baralong sank U-41 in an incident which has also been described as a war crime.[1][2]
First incident
Action of 19 August 1915
After the sinking of RMS Lusitania by a German submarine in May 1915, Lieutenant-Commander Godfrey Herbert, commanding officer of Baralong, was visited by two officers of the Admiralty's Secret Service branch at the naval base at Queenstown, Ireland. He was told, "This Lusitania business is shocking. Unofficially, we are telling you... take no prisoners from U-boats."[3]
Interviews with his subordinate officers have established Herbert's undisciplined manner of commanding his ship. Herbert allowed his men to engage in drunken binges during shore leave. During one such incident, at Dartmouth, several members of Baralong 's crew were arrested after destroying a local saloon. Herbert paid their bail, then left port with the indicted crewmen aboard. Beginning in April 1915, Herbert ordered his subordinates cease calling him "Sir", and to address him only by the pseudonym "Captain William McBride."[4]
Throughout the summer of 1915, Baralong continued routine patrol duties in the Irish Sea without encountering the enemy.
On 19 August 1915, U-24 sank the White Star Liner SS Arabic with the loss of 44 lives - this included three Americans and led to a diplomatic incident between Germany and the U.S. Baralong had been about 20 mi (32 km) from the scene, and had received a distress call from the ship.[5] Baralong 's crew was infuriated by the attack and by their inability to locate survivors.[6]
Meanwhile, about 100 mi (87 nmi; 160 km) south of Queenstown, U-27, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Bernhard Wegener, stopped the British steamer Nicosian in accordance with the rules laid down by the London Declaration. A boarding party of six men from U-27 discovered that Nicosian was carrying munitions and 250 American mules earmarked for the British Army in France. The Germans allowed the freighter's crew and passengers to board lifeboats, and prepared to sink the freighter with the U-boat's deck gun.
U-27 was lying off Nicosian 's port quarter and firing into it when Baralong appeared on the scene, flying the ensign of the United States as a false flag. When she was half a mile away, Baralong ran up a signal flag indicating that she was going to rescue Nicosian 's crew. Wegener acknowledged the signal, then ordered his men to cease firing, and took U-27 along the port side of Nicosian to intercept Baralong. As the submarine disappeared behind the steamship, Herbert steered Baralong on a parallel course along Nicosian 's starboard side.[6]
Before U-27 came round Nicosian 's bow, Baralong hauled down the American flag, hoisted the Royal Navy's White Ensign, and unmasked her guns. As U-27 came into view from behind Nicosian, Baralong opened fire with her three 12-pounder guns at a range of 600 yd (550 m), firing 34 rounds for only a single shot from the submarine. U-27 rolled over and began to sink.[5][6]
According to Tony Bridgland;
"Herbert screamed, 'Cease fire!' But his men's blood was up. They were avenging the Arabic and the Lusitania. For them this was no time to cease firing, even as the survivors of the crew appeared on the outer casing, struggling out of their clothes to swim away from her. There was a mighty hiss of compressed air from her tanks and the U-27 vanished from sight in a vortex of giant rumbling bubbles, leaving a pall of smoke over the spot where she had been. It had taken only a few minutes to fire the thirty-four shells into her."[7]
Meanwhile, Nicosian 's crew were cheering wildly from the lifeboats. Captain Manning was heard to yell, "If any of those bastard Huns come up, lads, hit 'em with an oar!"[8]
Twelve men survived the sinking of the submarine: the crews of her two deck guns and those who had been on the conning tower. They swam to Nicosian and attempted to join the six-man boarding party by climbing up her hanging lifeboat falls[note 1] and pilot ladder. Herbert, worried that they might try to scuttle the steamer, ordered his men to open fire with small arms, killing all in the water.[5][9][10][11] Wegener is described by some accounts as being shot while trying to swim to the Baralong.[10]
Herbert sent Baralong 's 12 Royal Marines, under the command of a Corporal Collins, to find the surviving German sailors aboard Nicosian. As they departed, Herbert told Collins, "Take no prisoners."[12] The Germans were discovered in the engine room and shot on sight. According to Sub-Lieutenant Gordon Steele: "Wegener ran to a cabin on the upper deck -- I later found out it was Manning's bathroom. The marines broke down the door with the butts of their rifles, but Wegener squeezes through a scuttle and dropped into the sea. He still had his life-jacket on and put up his arms in surrender. Corporal Collins, however, took aim and shot him through the head."[13] Corporal Collins later recalled that, after Wegener's death, Herbert threw a revolver in the German captain's face and screamed, "What about the Lusitania, you bastard!"[13] An alternative account says that the Germans who boarded Nicosian were killed by the freighter's engine room staff; this report apparently came from the officer in command of the muleteers.[5][14]
Aftermath
In Herbert's report to the Admiralty, he stated he feared the survivors from the U-boat's crew would board the freighter and scuttle her, so he ordered the Royal Marines on his ship to shoot the survivors. If they had scuttled the freighter, it could have been counted as negligence on the part of Herbert. Moments before Baralong began her attack, the submarine was firing on the freighter. It is not known if the escaping sailors actually intended to scuttle the freighter.
The Admiralty, upon receiving Herbert's report, immediately ordered its suppression, but the strict censorship imposed on the event failed when Americans who had witnessed the incident from Nicosian 's lifeboats spoke to newspaper reporters after their return to the United States.[15]
German memorandum
The German government delivered a memorandum on the incident via the American ambassador in Berlin, who received it on 6 December 1915. In it, they cited six US citizens as witnesses, stating they had made sworn depositions regarding the incident before public notaries in the US.
The statements said that five survivors from U-27 managed to board Nicosian, while the rest were shot and killed on Herbert's orders while clinging to the merchant vessel's lifeboat falls. It was further stated that when Herbert ordered his Marines to board Nicosian, he gave the order "take no prisoners". Four German sailors were found in Nicosian 's engine room and propeller shaft tunnel, and were killed. According to the witness statements, U-27 's commander was shot while swimming towards Baralong.[16]
The memorandum demanded that the captain and crew of Baralong be tried for the murder of unarmed German sailors, threatening to "take the serious decision of retribution for an unpunished crime".[17] Sir Edward Grey replied through the American ambassador that the incident could be grouped together with the Germans' sinking of SS Arabic, their attack on a stranded British submarine on the neutral Dutch coast, and their attack on the steamship Ruel, and suggested that they be placed before a tribunal composed of US Navy officers.[18]
German reaction
A debate took place in the Reichstag on 15 January 1916, where the incident was described as a "cowardly murder" and Grey's note as being "full of insolence and arrogance". It was announced that reprisals had been decided, but not what form they would take.[18]
Meanwhile, the Military Bureau for the Investigation of Violations of the Laws of War", (German: Militäruntersuchungstelle für Verletzungen des Kriegsrechts) added Baralong's commander, whose name was known only as "Captain William McBride", to the Prussian Ministry of War's "Black List of Englishmen who are Guilty of Violations of the Laws of War vis a vis Members of the German Armed Forces."[19]
HMS Baralong 's actions led the Kaiserliche Marine to cease adhering to the Prize Rules and to practice unrestricted submarine warfare. During the Second World War, it was cited as a reason for the Kriegsmarine to do the same. A German medal was issued commemorating the event.[20]
As a precaution to protect the ships against any reprisals against their crews, HMS Wyandra was transferred to the Mediterranean, and took the name of sister ship Manica, while Baralong 's name was deleted from Lloyd's Register. Nicosian was renamed Nevisian, and the crew was issued new Discharge Books, with the voyage omitted.[21]
Baralong 's crew were later awarded £185 prize bounty for sinking U-27.[22]
A Kriegsmarine submarine flotilla formed on 25 June 1938 was named "Wegener" in memory of U-27 's commander.
Second incident
Action of 24 September 1915
On 24 September 1915, Baralong sank the U-boat U-41, for which her commanding officer at the time, Lieutenant-Commander A. Wilmot-Smith, was later awarded £170 prize bounty.[22]
U-41 was in the process of sinking SS Urbino with gunfire when Baralong arrived on the scene, flying an American flag. When U-41 surfaced near Baralong, the latter opened fire while continuing to fly the American flag, and sank the U-boat.
Aftermath of the second incident
Unlike the neutral Americans in the first incident, the only witnesses to the second attack were the German and British sailors present. Oberleutnant zur See Iwan Crompton, after returning to Germany from a prisoner-of-war camp, reported that Baralong had run down the lifeboat he was in; he leapt clear and was shortly after taken aboard Baralong. The British crew denied that they had run down the lifeboat.[23]
Crompton later published an account of U-41 's exploits in 1917, U-41: der zweite Baralong-Fall, which called the sinking of U-41 a "second Baralong case".[24]
The event was also commemorated in a propaganda medal designed by the German engraver Karl Goetz. This was one of many medals that were popular in Germany from around 1910 to 1940.
See also
- Unrestricted submarine warfare
- Merchant raiders
- Commerce raiding
- Tonnage war
Notes
- Notes
- ↑ The ropes by which a boat is lowered from the deck of a ship to the water
- Citations
- ↑ Coles (1986) p.
- ↑ Bridgland (1999) pp. 20-55
- ↑ Bridgland (1999) p. 21
- ↑ Messimer (2002) p. 23
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 O'Neill (2006) p. 9
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Messimer (2002) pp. 46–47
- ↑ Messimer (2002) pp. 29-30
- ↑ Messimer (2002) p. 30
- ↑ Gibson & Prendergast, p. 53
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Grant (2002) p. 27
- ↑ Halpern (1994) p. 301
- ↑ Messimer (2002) p. 42
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Bridgland (1999) p. 43
- ↑ McGill & Norris (2007) pp. 320-1
- ↑ Halpern. A Naval History of World War I. p. 301.
when some American muleteers who had been accompanying the mules returned to port, they spread stories of a massacre
- ↑ "Memorandum of the German Government...and reply of His Majesty's Government thereto". WWW Virtual Library. Retrieved 8 December 2012.[note: the British reply is not included]
- ↑ "Baralong Case". Sydney Morning Herald. 6 January 1916. p. 7. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Hesperides (2007) pp. 58-59
- ↑ Alfred M. de Zayas, The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau 1939-1945, page 8.
- ↑ "Medal commemorating the sinking of 'U.27' by Q-ship 'Baralong', 1915". The Collection. National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ↑ O'Neill (2006) p. 10
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Chatterton (1980) p. 26
- ↑ Messimer, pp. 61-62
- ↑ Hadley (1995) p. 36
References
- Bridgland, Tony (1999). "The Baralong: Germany is Outraged". Sea Killers in Disguise: Q Ships and Decoy Raiders. Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-675-2.
- Chatterton, E. Keble (1980). Q-Ships and Their Story. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0-405-13034-1.
- Coles, Alan (1986). Slaughter at Sea: The Truth Behind a Naval War Crime. London: R. Hale.
- Gibson, R.H.; Prendergast, Maurice (2002). The German Submarine War 1914–1918. Periscope Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-904381-08-1.
- Grant, Robert M. (2002). U-boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-submarine Warfare 1914–1918. Periscope Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-904381-00-6.
- Hadley, Michael L. (1995). Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 0-7735-1282-9.
- Halpern, Paul G. (1994). A Naval History of World War I. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-498-4.
- Hesperides (2007). The Annual Register Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1916. Read Books. ISBN 1-4067-5198-7.
- McGill, Harold W.; Norris, Majorie Barron (2007). Medicine and Duty: The World War I Memoir of Captain Harold W. McGill, Medical Officer, 31st Battalion, C.E.F. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-55238-193-5.
- Massie, Robert K. (2003). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Random House.
- Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). Verschollen: World War I U-boat Losses. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-475-X.
- O'Neill, Gerry (Spring 2006). "Scandal of The Baralong Incident Was Hidden in Veil of Secrecy" (PDF). Journal of the Sea (The Maritime Institute of Ireland) 1 (4): 8–10. Retrieved 10 December 2011.