Balbodh

Balbodh (Marathi: बाळबोध, bāḷabōdha, IPA: [baːɭboːd̪ʱ], Translation: Understood by Children[1]) is a slightly modified style of the Devanagari script used to write the Marathi language [2][3][4][5][6] and the Korku language.[7] What sets Balbodh apart from the Devananagari script used for other languages is the more frequent and regular use of both ळ /ɭ/ (retroflex lateral approximant) and र्‍ (called the eyelash reph/raphar).[8]

Etymology

The word Balbodh is a combination of the words ‘बाळ’ /baːɭ/ and ‘बोध’ /boːd̪ʱ/. ‘बाळ’ is a neuter noun derived from the Sanskrit word ‘बाल’ meaning ‘child’.[9] ‘बोध’ is a male noun and tatsam (तत्सम) word from Sanskrit meaning ‘perception’.[9]

Distinguishing Features

Retroflex lateral approximant

North Indian Languages

Historically, the retroflex lateral approximant (ळ /ɭ/ ) existed in Vedic Sanskrit and was lost in Classical Sanskrit. Today the North Indian languages in which it exists are Oriya (ଳ), Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati (ળ), most varieties of Rajasthani, Bhili, some dialects of Lahnda (ਲ਼), most dialects of Western Pahari, Kumaoni, Haryanavi, and the Saharanpur dialect of Northwestern Kauravi. Of these, Konkani, Rajasthani, Bhili, and Kumaoni, Haryanavi, and the Saharanpur dialect of Northwestern Kauravi use the Devanagari script. The retroflex lateral approximant does not exist in most North Indian languages such as most Hindi dialects, Nepali, Garhwali, Bengali, Assamese, Kashmiri and most other Dardic languages, Sindhi, Kutchi, and Saraiki.[8]

South Indian Languages

The retroflex lateral approximant (ळ /ɭ/ ) exists in many south Indian languages such as Telugu (ళ), Malayalam (ള), Kannada (ಳ), and Tamil (ள). It was once present in Sinhala (as ළ).[8] This suggests that Dravidian languages have influenced north Indian languages with the retroflex lateral approximant such as Marathi.[10]

Eyelash Reph/Raphar

The eyelash reph/raphar (रेफ/ रफार) (र्‍) exists in Marathi as well as Nepali. The eyelash reph/raphar (र्‍) is produced in Unicode by the sequence [ra र ] + [virāma ्] + [ZWJ] and [rra ऱ ]+ [virāma ्] + [ZWJ].[11] In Marathi, when ‘र’ is the first consonant of a consonant cluster and occurs at the beginning of a syllable, it is written as an eyelash reph/raphar.[12]

Examples
तर्‍हा
वाऱ्याचा
ऱ्हास
ऱ्हस्व
सुऱ्या
दोऱ्या

Minimal Pairs[13]

Using the (Simple) Reph/Raphar Using the Eyelash Reph/Raphar
आचार्यास (to the teacher) आचार्‍यास (to the cook)
दर्या (ocean) दर्‍या (valleys)

Marathi Printing

Before printing in Marathi was possible, the Modi script was used for writing prose and Balbodh was used for writing poetry. When printing in Marathi became possible, choosing between Modi and Balbodh was a problem. William Carey published the first book on Marathi grammar in 1805 using Balbodh since printing in the Modi script was not available to him in Serampore, Bengal. At the time Marathi books were generally written in Balbodh. However, in subsequent editions of William Carey's book on Marathi grammar, starting in 1810, were written in the Modi script.[14][15]

As the Primary Style of Writing for Marathi

On 25 July 1917, the Bombay Presidency decided to replace the Modi script with Balbodh as the primary script of administration for the sake of convenience and uniformity with the other areas of the presidency. The Modi script continued to be taught schools until several decades later and continued to be used as an alternate script to Balbodh. The script was still widely used up until the 1940s by the people of older generation for personal and financial uses. However, the use of Modi diminished since then and now Balbodh is the primary script used to write Marathi (other than Modi script revival efforts).[16][17]

Korku language

In addition to Marathi, Balbodh is also used to write the Korku language of the Munda subdivision Austroasiatic language family, which is spoken by the Korku people who live in parts of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2013). Compendium of the World's Languages. Routledge. p. 1071. ISBN 9781136258466. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
  2. ↑ Ajmire, P.E.; Dharaskar, RV; Thakare, V M (22 March 2013). "A Comparative Study of Handwritten Marathi Character Recognition". International Journal of Computer Applications. INTRODUCTION. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
  3. ↑ Bhimraoji, Rajendra (28 February 2014). "Reviving the Modi Script". Typoday. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
  4. ↑ "Professional Marathi Translation Service". Tomedes. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013.
  5. ↑ "Languages of India". RBC Radio. MARATHI. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013.
  6. ↑ Savargaonkar, Nilesh. "Marathi Language". Marathi Script. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sebeok, Thomas Albert, ed. (1971). Current Trends in Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. p. 425. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97 and 437. ISBN 9780521299442. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Molesworth, James Thomas (1857). A Dictionary, Marathi and English. Bombay [sic]: Bombay Education Society's Press. p. 593.
  10. ↑ Southworth, Franklin C.. "Prehistoric Implications of the Dravidian element in the NIA lexicon, with special attention to Marathi". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.
  11. ↑ Indic Working Group (7 November 2004). "Devanagari Eyelash Ra". The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014.
  12. ↑ Kalyan, Kale; Soman, Anjali (1986). Learning Marathi. Pune: Shri Vishakha Prakashan. p. 26.
  13. ↑ Naik, B.S. (1971). Typography of Devanagari-1. Bombay: Directorate of Languages.
  14. ↑ Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 48 and 49. ISBN 9788171880577. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
  15. ↑ Carey, William (1805). A Grammar of the Marathi Language. Serampur [sic]: Serampore Mission Press. ISBN 9781108056311.
  16. ↑ Chhatrapati, Shahu; Sangave, Vilas Adinath; Khane, B. D. (1997). Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati papers 7. Shahu Research Institute. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
  17. ↑ "History Of Modi Lipi". Modi Lipi. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013.