Badger Army Ammunition Plant

Badger Army Ammunition Plant
Sauk County, near Sauk City, Wisconsin

General view toward west, Badger Army Ammunition Plant before demolition
Coordinates 43°22′05″N 89°45′14″W / 43.368°N 89.754°WCoordinates: 43°22′05″N 89°45′14″W / 43.368°N 89.754°W
Site history
Built 1942
In use World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War

The Badger Army Ammunition Plant (BAAP or Badger) or Badger Ordnance Works (B.O.W.) is an excess, non-BRAC, United States Army facility located near Baraboo, Wisconsin. It manufactured nitrocellulose-based propellants during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. It was the largest munitions factory in the world during World War II.[1][2] As of 2013, the facility was in the end stages of demolition and remediation in preparation for property transfer.

History

Construction

On 29 October 1941, U.S. Representative William H. Stevenson announced the construction of a powder and acid works to be built by Hercules Powder Company.[3] On 19 November 1941, despite protests from those living on Sauk Prairie, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized $65,000,000 to build the plant. By 1 March 1942, the farmers who lived there had left their farms.

Construction of Badger Ordnance Works, as it was known in World War II, began in March 1942. Before the works were built, a 75,000 foot fence was erected around approximately 7,500 acres (30 km2) of the 10,500 acres (42 km2) acquired by the U.S. Army. When the plant was finished, it contained smokeless powder and rocket grain production facilities, housing for 12,000 construction workers and their families for six months, housing for 4,000-8,000 production workers and their families for the length of World War II, a school, a recreation center, a child care facility, a hospital, cafeterias, and a transportation system. By December 1942, 24 miles (39 km) of standard gauge railroad were completed.

Within the first ten months of construction, the first production area went into operation.[4] The plans originally called for production lines to make smokeless powder, diphenylamine, and sulfuric acid. In the end, the facility's production lines included smokeless powder, acid, sulfuric acid, rocket propellant, and ball powder.

During the 33 years it produced ammunition for World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, the Badger Army Ammunition Plant employed over 23,000 workers.

World War II[3]

During World War II, Badger was managed by Hercules Powder Company. It produced rocket propellant, smokeless powder, and E.C. powder. Smokeless powder had been patented a decade before World War II by DuPont and Hercules Powder Company had the rights to make it at Badger. E.C. Powder was used in hand grenades, tear gas canisters, and blank cartridges. Badger also produced acid and oleum which are necessary for the production of these forms of ammunition. The acid and oleum produced at Badger were used both on site and at other Army ammunition plants in the area.

On 10 May 1943, the first train load of finished product left Badger; 60,000 pounds of smokeless powder was sent to the Twin Cities Ordnance Plant in Minnesota where it was used in M-1 rifle cartridges.

After World War II, the facility was placed on stand-by and subsequently placed into excess federal property status. The Hercules Powder Company began the process of demolishing and burning contaminated buildings, scrapping equipment, and donating office furniture and supplies to area schools. This led to some difficulties when Badger was reactivated for the Korean War.

Periods of Operation[3]
Production AreaStart DateEnd Date
AcidJanuary 1943August 1945
OleumJanuary 1943August 1945
Smokeless powderMarch 1943July 1945
Rocket propellantMarch 1945September 1948
E.C. powderJuly 1943October 1945
Production[3]
Ammunition TypePounds
Smokeless powder257,968,900
Rocket grain13,394,700

Korean War[3]

In 1951, during the Korean War, Olin Industries was awarded the contract to manage Badger; the company continued to operate Badger until 2004. To get the plant into operational shape, Olin replaced machinery, office furniture and supplies, and added building production areas such as the ball powder plant. At that time, Olin Industries was the only manufacturer of ball powder in the United States. Ball powder had been introduced by Western Cartridge, a subsidiary of Olin Industries, in 1933, but was not accepted by the U.S. Army until 1944.

Ball powder is a fine-grained, spherical gunpowder coated in graphite that is easy to store and transport in any climate and ideal for modern infantry small arms ammunition cartridges. Because the time it took to build the ball powder plant at Badger was too long to enable any of the ball powder produced there to be used in the Korean War, it was put into storage and eventually used during the Vietnam War.

Periods of Operation[3]
Production AreaStart DateEnd Date
AcidJuly 1951November 1957
OleumOctober 1952October 1956
Smokeless powderOctober 1951December 1957
Rocket propellantNovember 1951October 1954
Rocket propellant (2nd Run)March 1955September 1955
Ball powderSeptember 1955September 1956
Production[3]
Ammunition TypePounds
Ball powder5,758,600
Smokeless powder235,832,900
Rocket mortar35,845,200
Mortar17,400

Cold War[3]

During the Cold War years between the Korean War and the Vietnam War, Badger was held in stand-by status. It was believed that Badger would not be reactivated unless a war was imminent because the threat of a nuclear strike existed. Badger was important to the United States because of its location far from large cities, its water source, small reactivation costs, and the fact that it had the greatest ammunition manufacturing capabilities in the United States; Badger had the capability of producing most of the ammunition necessary for a land war. These qualities of Badger also made it a likely target of a nuclear attack if it were to be reactivated. Therefore, Olin Industries maintained Badger on stand-by status until the United States announced its intent to send troops to Vietnam.

Vietnam War

Before the Vietnam War began, the army was testing the new M-16 rifle which used ball powder ammunition. DuPont and Olin Industries each developed ball powder that was compatible with the M-16 rifles used in the Vietnam War and were used interchangeably. Hercules Powder Company also developed a ball powder for the rifles; however, it was not selected by the rifle manufacturers or the U.S. Army.

Olin Industries also had another, smaller, plant in East Alton, Illinois where it could make ball powder. It was believed that the East Alton plant would produce the ball powder necessary for the Vietnam War. However, when workers at the East Alton plant went on strike, the entire Vietnam operation was put into jeopardy. Therefore, Badger was reactivated on January 3, 1966 and Olin Industries prepared to make what would be millions of pounds of ammunition before propellant production ended in 1975.

By September 1966, Badger was producing and shipping oleum, a highly concentrated sulfuric acid, to the Joliet Army Ammunition Plant near Chicago, Illinois, in addition to using it locally.

Periods of Operation[3]
Production AreaStart DateEnd Date
AcidAugust 1966June 1975
OleumSeptember 1966June 1975
Smokeless powderAugust 1967August 1973
Rocket propellantJune 1967June 1975
Ball powderMay 1966May 1975
Production[3]
Ammunition TypePounds
Ball powder99,985,600
Smokeless powder302,151,100
5" Navy gun12,869,500
MK-43 Rocket mortar71,718,600

Post-war period

Olin Industries continued to maintain Badger on stand-by status after the Vietnam War. In 1997, the U.S. Army declared Badger to be excess to its needs. Until 2004, Olin Industries led the clean-up of Badger. In 2004, SpecPro, Inc.,[5] an 8(a) Certified Alaska Native Corporation (ANC) and subsidiary of the Bristol Bay Native Corporation, was awarded to the contract to operate Badger, including all maintenance, demolition, and remediation activities.[5] In 2012, Badger Technical Services, LLC became the sole contractor at Badger. Demolition of the Army manufacturing infrastructure began in 2004 and is expected to be complete in 2014.

Reuse

In early 2000, the Sauk County Board of Supervisors acted to establish a locally driven reuse planning process with the assistance of U.S. Congresswoman Tammy Baldwin and funds provided by the U.S. Department of Labor, establishing the Badger Reuse Committee (BRC). The 21-member BRC included representatives from neighboring communities, local, state, and federal governments, and the Ho-Chunk Nation. In its mission statement, the BRC charged itself with the task of developing "a common vision for the reuse of the Badger property that can be meaningfully considered and realistically implemented by the appropriate local, state, and federal agencies." It sought to achieve a community-based consensus for use of the site.

Early meetings were devoted to gathering and reviewing basic information about the Badger property and its role - past, present, and future - in Sauk County's landscape, community, and economy. In the past, the Badger lands had been a place of division and conflict. The committee identified nine key values and detailed criteria for each value to guide consideration of future uses. The BRC chose one plan that best fit the parameters of the values out of 25 different proposals. The reuse plan calls for all 7,275 acres to be managed as a whole. The land uses include conservation, prairie and savanna restoration, agriculture, education and recreation.

The Badger Reuse Plan established the need for a Badger Oversight and Management Board (BOMC),[6] which meets bi-monthly to facilitate collaboration around the future uses of the Badger properties.

Future use

Once the installation was declared excess to the Army's needs, the General Services Administration (GSA), the federal government's real estate manager, received applications from other federal agencies interested in acquiring the land. Six applicants with federal sponsorship were approved but only five have agreed to accept property.

The USDA Dairy Forage Research Center was established on a portion of the Badger installation in the 1970s. USDA accepted 1,960.67 acres in 2004 and 61.95 acres in 2005. Another 74.2 acres will transfer in 2014. The research toward "greener horizons for cows, crops, and communities" continues at the USDA Dairy Forage Research Center on the land received.[7]

The BIA declined to accept any land (1553 acres) for the Ho-Chunk Nation, citing no authority to incur excessive cost for performing their own environmental assessment in addition to the work completed by the Army and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The Ho-Chunk Nation has been unsuccessful in changing the BIA's position.

The NPS agreed to land use by the WDNR through the Federal Lands to Parks Program for park and recreation use. The transferred property will become the Sauk Prairie Recreation Area adjacent to and managed by Devil's Lake State Park. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources is drafting the master plan for the future Sauk Prairie Recreation Area,[8] and now manages hunting on the property. The NPS and DNR will accept all land not transferred to other owners, including the acreage originally planned for the BIA/Ho-Chunk Nation.

The Town of Sumpter will receive the three historic cemeteries located at Badger and the water and wastewater systems. The Army acquired the cemeteries (Pioneer, Thoelke, and Miller)during the initial land acquisition in 1942 and has maintained them since. The cemetery acreage totals 3.6 acres (15,000 m2).

The Town of Sumpter's Bluffview Sanitary District has received land relating to the sewage and water treatment system previously managed by the Army. The estimated area to be received is approximately 165 acres (0.7 km2).Bluffview, located across U.S. 12 from Badger, is former Badger employee housing which has been further developed and is now private residences.

The WI DOT received land along the existing State Highway 78 to expand and straighten State Highway 78. In 2011, 60.21 acres transferred for the highway right of way. The DOT also controls the rail line that crosses the installation, by a permanent easement that has been rail banked for a trail under a long-term lease agreement with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (2011).

Geography

Originally over 10,000 acres in size, in 2004 Badger consisted of 7,275 acres of land in Sauk County. It is bounded by Devil's Lake State Park and the Baraboo Hills to the north, the Town of Merrimac and the Wisconsin River to the east, the Town of Prairie du Sac to the south, and the Town of Sumpter and the Bluffview community to the west.[9][10]

Geology

Badger is located on the terminal moraine of the outwash plain of a glacier that stopped in the area during the Wisconsin Glaciation approximately 12,000 years ago. The bedrock in the area consists of quartzite, sandstone, shale, and limestone. Groundwater flow is influenced by the Baraboo Hills to the north and the Wisconsin River to the east.

Vegetation

This area originally consisted of oak savanna and prairie habitat. After settlers populated the area, agriculture became predominant and few prairie and oak savanna remnants remained. Under Army management, the open spaces at Badger consisted of a few prairie remnants, some agricultural lands, and open grassy spaces around buildings maintained by grazing. Prairie restoration began in the 1970s and these areas were maintained by fire. Grazing ended in 2003 when demolition started, and the open areas are now growing up into shrubs such as autumn olive and honeysuckle.

See also

Companies/Contractors

Materials

Other AAPs Associated with Badger

Other Topics

References

  1. ↑ Velena Jones, "DNR opens Badger Ammunition Plant as recreation area", Channel3000, April 13 2014.
  2. ↑ Bill Novak, "Contaminated Badger Ammo Plant soil to be removed, DNR says", Wisconsin State Journal, June 18, 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Michael J. Goc, Powder, People, and Place: Badger Ordnance Works and the Sauk Prairie, Friendship, WI: New Past Press, 2002.
  4. ↑ Badger History Group
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 SpecPro, Inc.
  6. ↑ BOMC
  7. ↑ USDA Dairy Forage Research Center
  8. ↑ Sauk Prairie Recreation Area
  9. ↑ Badger GIS Website
  10. ↑ Badger Installation Action Plan (IAP)

Further reading

The Badger Army Information Repositories are located at the Sauk City Public Library, Ruth Culver Public Library, and at the Badger Army Ammunition Plant. The Badger Repositories include Army publications, RAB meeting minutes, groundwater monitoring data, and reports on remediation projects.

The mailing address is: Badger Army Ammunition Plant, S7560 Highway 12, North Freedom, Wisconsin 53951.

External links

Historical information

Site information

Community groups