B61 Family

The B61 Family is a series of thermonuclear bombs and thermonuclear warheads based on the B61 nuclear bomb.

B61 nuclear bomb

Initial development

The B61 bomb was developed by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL; now Los Alamos National Laboratory) starting in 1960. The intent was to develop an aircraft bomb which was high yield (up to over 100 kilotons) and yet was small enough and had low enough drag to carry under the wing of a fighter or fighter-bomber type aircraft. One major feature was Full Fuzing Options (allowing various air and ground burst usage options; free fall air burst, parachute retarded air burst, free fall ground burst, parachute retarded ground burst, and laydown or parachute retarded time delay after impact ground burst).

The B61 project started in 1960 with a study contract analyzing the potential of such a weapon. The official development program was funded in 1961, and the weapon was designated TX-61 (Test/Experimental) in 1963. The first TX-61 free fall ballistic test was held at Tonopah Test Range on August 20, 1963. The first War Reserve B61-0 was accepted by the AEC on December 21, 1966.[1]

The original models of B61 used PBX 9404 HMX based plastic bonded explosive to implode the fissile material in the primary stage. Newer models use TATB based PBX 9502, which is an insensitive high explosive (IHE) and will not detonate due to fire, shock, or impact.

Specifications

Bomb

The overall B61 bomb was 13.3 inches (340 mm) diameter by 141 inches (3,600 mm) long, and weighed 695-715 pounds depending on version. This includes the outer aerodynamic shell, a crushable nose cone, parachute section in the tail, tail fins, etc. (Weight includes tail fins; diameter is of the bomb body itself, without fins).

Nuclear core

The nuclear device within the outer B61 core is probably the same overall dimensions as the W80 warhead, which is 11.8 inches (300 mm) in diameter and 31.4 inches (800 mm) long.

Warheads

W69

The W69 missile warhead was produced in the early 1970s for use in the AGM-69 SRAM Short Range Attack Missile. The W69 was 15 inches (380 mm) in diameter and 30 inches (760 mm) long, weighed 275 pounds, and had a yield of 170-200 kilotons.

1,500 W69 warheads were produced.

W73

The W73 missile warhead was designed for the AGM-53 Condor air to ground missile. Other than being described as a derivative of the B61, details of the W73 design are poorly documented.

Both the W73 and the Condor missile were cancelled and never entered service.

W80

Two versions of the base W80 cruise missile warhead were designed and deployed. Both were the same basic size and shape and weight: 11.8 inches in diameter, 31.4 inches long, and weight of 290 pounds.

W80-0

The BGM-109 Tomahawk TLAM-N cruise missile was equipped with a W80-0 warhead. The W80-0 used supergrade plutonium with less inherent radioactivity, due to missile storage in close proximity to submarine crew. It also has an outer shielding or case around the "front" end of the weapon, presumably some sort of radiation shielding. The W80-0 had a variable yield of 5 or 170-200 kilotons.

367 W80-0 warheads were produced.

W80-1

The AGM-86 ALCM and ACM cruise missiles used the W80-1 variant warhead. It had a yield of 5 or 150-170 kilotons.

1,750 W80-1 warheads were produced.

W81

The W81 missile warhead was designed for use on the SM-2 missile. An enhanced radiation version was proposed, but the final version was fission-only. Detailed dimensions and weight are unknown. Yields are described as 2-4 kilotons.

The W81 was cancelled and never entered service.

W84

The W84 was a LLNL design based on the B61, used in the Ground Launched Cruise Missile. It was slightly larger (13 inches diameter, 34 inches long) and heavier (388 pounds) than the otherwise similar W80 warheads, possibly to make it safer for ground handling in the field.

Between 300 and 350 W84 warheads were produced. They remain in US inactive inventory.

W85

Used on the Pershing II IRBM missile, the W85 was a cylinder 13 inches (330 mm) in diameter and 42 inches (1,100 mm) long. As the mission of the missile was directed at underground targets, the warhead was reinforced to withstand earth penetration and weighed 880 pounds. It had a variable yield from 5 to 80 kilotons.

120 W85 warheads were produced. They were recycled into B61 Mod 10 bombs after the Pershing II was scrapped.

W86

The W86 warhead was a planned earth-penetrating warhead for the Pershing II missile. The W86 was cancelled after the Pershing II was changed from hard target to soft target missions in its design phase.

No units were ever produced.

See also

References

  1. ↑ AEC Declassified Report RR00520