Avadhanam

Avadhānaṃ is a literary performance popular from the very ancient days in India. Avadhānaṃ originated as a Sanskrit literary process and is revived by Kannada and Telugu poets in modern times. It involves the partial improvisation of poems using specific themes, metres, forms, or words.[1] The true purpose of an Avadhanam event thus is the showcasing, through entertainment, of superior mastery of cognitive capabilities - of observation, memory, multitasking, task switching, retrieval, reasoning and creativity in multiple modes of intelligence - literature, poetry, music, mathematical calculations, puzzle solving etc.

It requires immense memory power and tests a person's capability of performing multiple tasks simultaneously. All the tasks are memory intensive and demand an in-depth knowledge of literature, and prosody. The tasks vary from making up a poem spontaneously to keeping a count of a bell ringing at random. No external memory aids are allowed while performing these tasks except the person's mind.[2] Avadhānaṃ can be considered as the Divided attention (clinical model of attention) as it is the highest level of attention and it refers to the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands.[3][4]

Avadhāni refers to the individual who performs the Avadhānaṃ; one of the many individuals asking questions is a Pṛcchaka (questioner). The first person to ask the question is called "Pradhāna Pṛcchaka" (s)he is the same as any other Pṛcchakaexcept that he asks the first question. The questions asked are primarily literary in nature. The Pṛcchakas can optionally place additional constraints.[5] Though it is not stated explicitly, conformation to Chandas (poetic metre) is mandatory. Avadhāni should answer them in the form of a poem. The questions generally consist of a description given in prose and the avadhāni has to express it as a poem. The additional restrictions placed by the Pṛcchakas can be anything like asking the avadhāni not to use a given set of the alphabet in the entire poem or to construct only a particular type of poem etc.

Characteristics

The avadhāni is not allowed to recite the entire poem at once. After listening to the Pṛcchaka's question, the avadhāni constructs the first line of the poem, recites it and moves to the next Pṛcchaka. After listening to all the Pṛcchakas, and reciting one line of poem each, the avadhāni shall return to the Pradhana Pṛcchaka (in a round-robin fashion) and continues with the second line of the poem. The beauty and challenge here is that the avadhāni has to remember the question, the line of poem said before and all the additional constraints placed. They shall not be repeated and any mistake shall disqualify the person from being titled "Avadhani". Every poem has 4 lines, so each Pṛcchaka's turn comes 4 times. Avadhaani has to recite the full poem once he finishes constructing all the lines of the poems. This is called "dharaṇa" and forms the culmination of the Avadhana. Avadhani should use only his memory for all this. An Avadhana can run for multiple days (especially Śatāvadhāna).

It is a general practice for one of the Pṛcchaka to keep ringing a bell randomly and avadhani has to keep track of number of bell rings. The multitutde of all these constraints makes Avadhana one of the greatest arts to master.

Of the remaining Pṛcchakas, one person is in charge of "aprastuta-prasangam" (irrelevant incident). His responsibility is to distract the avadhani with questions and topics unrelated to the avadhanam and the avadhani has to reply to his questions and riddles. The Pṛcchaka who manages this should also be equally intelligent and witty to entertain the audience with his questions. An additional challenge for Avadhani here is not to get distracted by these digressions and give witty answers spontaneously even to some of the silly questions.

Owing to the memory intensive nature of Avadhana, the number of Pṛcchakas plays a major role. The more the number of Pṛcchakas, the higher the challenge would be. Besides conducting Avadhanas, which in itself is a great feat, many Avadhanis also left a longer and lasting legacy by penning works and mentoring students who often grew up to contribute to Kannada and Telugu literature in their own uniquely rich ways.

Types

The number of Pṛcchakas can be 8 (Aṣtāvadhānaṃ) or 100 (Śatāvadhānaṃ) or even 1000 (sahasrāvadhānaṃ). A person who has successfully performed an Ashtavadhana is called as Aṣtāvadhāni, a Śatāvadhānaṃ is called a Śatāvadhāni and a sahasrāvadhānaṃ is called Sahasrāvadhāni. The other lesser known forms of Avadhana are Chitravadhanam (painting), Nrutyāvadhānaṃ (Dancing) and Gaṇitāvadhānaṃ (Mathematics). Netrāvadhānaṃ (using the eyes) is another important form of avadhānaṃ.

Middle Ages

Several Jain Avadhanis displayed the art of Avadhanam in front of Mughal emperors and their Subahdars (governors). Nandivijay, a disciple of the monk Vijayasen Suri, performed the Ashtavadhana in front of Akbar. Akbar was very impressed with the art and conferred the title of Khushfahm (one of a brilliant intellect) on Nandivijay.[6] Siddhichandra, a disciple of the monk Hiravijaya Suri, performed the Shatavadhana in front of Akbar where he performed 108 simultaneous tasks testing his miraculous memory. Akbar conferred the title of Khushfahm on Siddhichandra as well. Siddhichandra stayed in the Mughal court till the last days of Jahangir.[6] Yashovijay Suri, the author of the work Jain Tarka Bhasha, performed several Avadhanams at Ahmedabad in the 17th century, including 18 Avadhanams in the presence of Mohabat Khan, who was the Subahdar of Gujarat under Aurangzeb.[7]

19th and 20th centuries

Current Avadhanis

Tamil Avadhanis

Sanskrit and Telugu

∗°°°SRI LOKA JAGANNADHA SASTRI°°°⇔Is leading Ashtavadhani.He is from Rayachoty,kadapa district.He performed so many Ashtavadhanams,among them his first Ashtavadhanam started in 1989 at the age of 22,and also performed more than 70 Avadhanams in familiar towns&cities of A.P,TELANGAANA, BANGLORE&CHENNAI.His well known works are including with "SREE GANDI VEERAANJANEYA SWAAMI SUPRABHAATAM" in "SANSKRIT" which was also come out as a book&C.D,Sri Vrushabhaachaleswara swami suprabhaatam,Lokaa lokam,mukunda maalaa padyaanuvaadam are also an aclaimed literary works.He has the tital of"AVADHAANA CHATURAANANA"


Sanskrit and Kannada

He performed his latest avadhanam at NMKRV College on February 16, 2014 marking his 1000th feat.

Jain Avadhanis

References

  1. Amaresh Datta, The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature, v. 1, "Avadhanam" (Sahitya Akademi, 2006; ISBN 81-260-1803-8)
  2. Computer Science department - IIT-Madras
  3. Dan Robinson. "Attention". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  4. "Divided Attention". Cognifit. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  5. The Hindu - November 2010
  6. 6.0 6.1 Prasad, Pushpa (2009). "अकबर और जैनी" [Akbar and the Jains]. In Habib, Irfan. अकबर और तत्कालीन भारत [Akbar and contemporary India] (in Hindi). New Delhi, India: Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-81-26-70979-3.
  7. Shastri, Indra Chandra (1964). जैन तर्क भाषा [The dialectics of Jains] (in Hindi). Shri Triloka Ratna Sthanakvasi Jain Dharmik Pariksha Board. pp. 1–2.
  8. Tidrick, Kathryn (2007). Gandhi: A Political and Spiritual Life. I.B. Tauris. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-84511-166-3. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  9. Ashtavadhani - Ambati Subbaraya Chetty
  10. Nagar, Shanti Lal (2002). Sharma, Acharya Divakar; Goyal, Siva Kumar; Sushil, Surendra Sharma, eds. The Holy Journey of a Divine Saint: Being the English Rendering of Swarnayatra Abhinandan Granth (First, Hardback ed.). New Delhi, India: B. R. Publishing Corporation. p. 51. ISBN 81-7646-288-8.
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 Srihari, Gudipoodi (30 March 2007). "Amazing `Avadhanam'". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  12. "Anandha Vikatan Article".
  13. IISc-bangalore-broadcast messages-2006
  14. "Test of memory and verse, in Kannada". The Hindu. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  15. IISc-bangalore-broadcast messages-2009
  16. "Pujya Shree Manak Muni Ji Maharaj". Shri Maha Shakti Mandir. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  17. Jain monk - ashtavadhani
  18. "Muni Mahendra Kumar". The Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  19. Shah, Dilip V. "Shatavadhana - A glimpse at the power of the soul". Jain World. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  20. "Shatavadhan and why it is so intriguing to a parent". Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  21. "Fifth Conference of Jain Doctors' Federation Organized in Ahmedabad". Ahimsa Times 103. January 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  22. 22.0 22.1 Phadke, Manasi (March 5, 2012). "A monk of mathematical puzzles, memory and focus". Indian Express. Retrieved October 8, 2012.

External links